Менеджмент та підприємництво в Україні: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку. – 2015. – №819
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Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка".
До збірника науково-прикладних праць “Менеджмент та підприємництво в України: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку” увійшли статті, які відображають проблеми менеджменту, підприємництва, інвестиційної та інноваційної діяльності, управління національною економікою України тощо. Для працівників підприємств, банків, інвестиційних та інноваційних структур, органів державного управління, викладачів вищих навчальних закладів, науковців, аспірантів та студентів економічних спеціальностей.
Вісник Національного університету «Львівська політехніка». Серія: Менеджмент та підприємництво в Україні: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку : збірник наукових праць / Міністерство освіти і науки України, Національний університет «Львівська політехніка» ; голова Редакційно-видавничої ради Н. І. Чухрай. – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015. – № 819. – 476 с. : іл.
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Item Розвиток інноваційної і сталої інфраструктури: досвід Європейського Союзу(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Яншина, А. М.Проаналізовано сучасні наукові підходи до дослідження проблем створення інноваційної інфраструктури у країнах світу у контексті сталого зростання як найсуттєвішого аттрактора розвитку міжнародної економіки. Розкрито ключові тенденції й особливості формування інноваційної і сталої інфраструктури на наднаціональному і національному рівнях у межах Європейського союзу. Запропоновано рекомендації щодо формування інноваційної і сталої інфраструктури в Україні в умовах її інтеграції до Європейського союзу. A drastic deterioration in environmental performance of developed countries as well as emerging markets triggered off by devastating resource usage, environmentally and socially intolerant economic behavior has turned national-level goal of greening and socializing economic growth into a worldwide challenge of utmost importance. Innovative and sustainable infrastructure plays a pivotal role in the sustainable development concept implementation at all levels. In the article academic approaches to the innovative infrastructure are examined in the light of sustainable development as a key world economy attractor. The author investigates latest trends and features of the EU infrastructure modernization. The infrastructure performance of the EU Member-States has been rather strong and innovative of late but not permanently sustainable. Thus amongst many terms used to outline a final and expected result of infrastructure renovation – sustainable, innovative, green infrastructure – the last one aimed at ensuring eco-friendly economic effects as well as non-environmental benefits is supposed to be the most applicable to the modern EU context. Green infrastructure goals have been incorporated into all main supranational policy frameworks of the European Union since Green Infrastructure Strategy «Green Infrastructure – Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital» was adopted in May 2013. To meet decarbonization challenges and integrate new Member-States into intra-EU economic affairs the European Union prioritize greening energy and transport infrastructure. Active civil society dialogue on green infrastructure issues is ensured by a variety of NGOs represented at all EU levels and via a number of on-line platforms. France, Germany, Austria, Belgium and Finland are the EU leaders in terms of innovative infrastructure. However the world economic crisis has negatively impacted the infrastructure financing. After the World War II the public sector was a key investor in infrastructure across Europe. Nowadays public sector investments in infrastructure have dropped, the total number of public-private projects is low as well.Item Проблеми інноваційного розвитку регіону(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Прохоровська, С. А.; Дяків, О. П.Розкрито роль інновацій як чинника соціально-економічного розвитку регіону, охарактеризовано передумови активізації інноваційної діяльності на прикладі Тернопільської області; визначено основні завдання формування регіональної інноваційної системи та її складові; з’ясовано чинники інноваційної активності найманих працівників; обґрунтовано основні напрямки інноваційної діяльності в Тернопільській області і запропоновано шляхи їхньої реалізації. The role of innovations as a factor of socio-economic development of region is exposed in the article; the pre-conditions of activation of innovative activity are described on the example of the Ternopil area. It is grounded that fundamental scientific research-and-developments and inputs and use of innovative goods are the basis of innovative activity. The necessity of development of innovative politics in a region, that must be aimed at development of scientific research-and-developments, increase of production and realization of scientific products, solution of social problems of use the newest technologies, is well-proven. It is set that is creation of infrastructure of innovative activity is the major task at forming the regional innovative system in region. It is well-proven that fundamental scientific research-and-developments, creation of the system of support and advancement of innovations would be the basic ways of activation of innovative activity in a region. It is set that the effective bringing in of scientific and technical potential to the innovative projects is the important factor of the economy growing and increase of competitiveness of industries of economy. The basic tasks of forming of the regional innovative system and its constituents are certained: productive-technological, consulting, financial, skilled, informative and sale. The problems of innovative development in Ukraine and the region are investigated. Factors that influence on innovative activity of the hired workers are distinguished by priority: professional training and competence, creative capabilities, character of man, requirement in self-realization and self-perfection, requirement in material welfare, entrepreneurship. The influence of self-education, studies to the new professions and increase of level of qualification of workers on innovative development of the Ternopil area is found out. It is well-proven that creation economically of effective workplaces, that will allow to develop creative potential of the hired worker, promote the level of his qualification is the important direction of increase of innovative activity of region.Item Проблеми формування сприятливого інвестиційного клімату для інноваційного розвитку підприємств(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Довбенко, В. І.Розглянуто проблеми формування сприятливих умов для нарощування інвестиційного потенціалу, орієнтованого на інноваційний розвиток підприємств. Розкрито роль інноваційної культури у формуванні сучасних кластерів, спроможних здійснювати перспективні НДДКР і забезпечувати успішну реалізацію інвестиційних проектів. Проаналізовано роль трансферу технологій і середовища сприйняття інновацій у формуванні належного інвестиційного клімату. Запропоновано заходи, що сприяють успішній комерціалізації результатів наукових розробок та їх просуванню на внутрішній та зовнішні ринки. The problems of formation the favourable conditions for increasing of investment potential, based on the innovative development of enterprises are considered. In the new conditions it is important reorient the thinking of management at finding new development opportunities. This requires special attention to innovation and involvement of all stakeholders in the process of forming values. The process of creating a commercially successful innovation involves new approaches to the management of the joint activity participants in the innovation process based on open access to information, effective knowledge sharing and joint formation of values that provides for the establishment of a new innovation culture. The complexity and high cost of large-scale R&D involves the active use of the results of other participants in the development of market innovation and thus setting up partnerships with them. Therefore, in the present conditions it is advisable to ensure the successful commercialization of scientific developments to use open innovation model, which involves establishing the climate of mutual understanding and trust of participants in the innovation process. The role of innovation culture consists in shaping of the modern clusters those are capable to perform advanced R&D and to ensure the successful implementation of investment projects. To enhance the cooperation between the parties in the process of commercialization the innovations appropriate to use the potential of clusters that allow forming a network of stable relations participants to establish effective technology transfer and provide a competitive advantage to innovative products. The role of technology transfer and environment for perception the innovation in shaping the investment climate is analyzed. The measures that contribute to successful commercialization of the results of scientific developments and their promotion to the domestic and foreign markets are proposed. Successful examples of collaboration between science, business, government and the crowd show a large number of scientific and technical associations and companies, including the Max Planck Society in Germany, General Electric in the United States and others are analyzed. Revealed, that an important task of the national economy is the creative solutions of problems intensify innovation activity based on the release of initiatives the scientists, researchers, business and society, eliminating of the barriers to the transfer of knowledge and technology to solving the specific problems of increase the efficiency of economic.Item Використання функцій попиту для збалансування розвитку продовольчих ринків(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Федулова, І. В.; Мостенська, Т. Л.Досліджено попит на основні продукти харчування за допомогою функцій попиту від доходу і ціни. За допомогою виявлених функцій, обчислених на їх основі коефіцієнтів еластичності й основних індикаторів продовольчої безпеки можна аналізувати перспективи розвитку окремих галузей харчової промисловості, пріоритетність їх розвитку для забезпечення населення повноцінним збалансованим харчуванням. The article explores the demand for basic food products by means of functional relations between the demand, income and price. The objective function of food production shall be based on three main factors: physiological need in food, effective demand of population and commodity supply of manufacturers. The level and structure of food consumption indicate the level of stability and quality of life of the population. However, in conditions of commodity production and market the ability to meet the need for food products is limited by purchasing power of consumers. It is characterized by the amount of money that consumers can spend on the purchase of food. The price of a product can be viewed in two ways: from the point of view of consumers and in terms of entrepreneurs who produce and sell finished products. For consumers, price means opportunity to meet their needs in one way or another. One of the parameters of food security is the indicator of the proportion of expenditure on food in total household expenditures; it should not exceed 60 %. This value is a critical limit for the use of aggregate income of households. In 2013 this figure in Ukraine amounted to 50.1 %, indicating that people are near the poverty line, when more than half of total income is spent on food. Expenses of consumers on food have been growing because of three factors: growth of population and food intake; increase of food prices; consumers giving preference to more expensive products and marketing services. This study investigates the dependence between the expenditure proportion on food in total household expenditures in Ukraine and average wages of employees. The analysis of regression functions of dependencies of the average consumption of basic foodstuffs per capita from the average monthly wage of employees allowed to determine the direction, closeness and elasticity of these dependencies. Also the average chain elasticity coefficients of the price were investigated. Their values are not always negative, though the market is unsaturated not for all food groups. The prospects of development of individual sectors of food industry and the priority of their development for providing population with complete balanced diet can be analyzed using the identified functions, elasticity coefficients calculated on the basis of these functions and key indicators of food security.Item Попередження бізнес-конфліктів у процесі розробки та запровадження в дію підсистем антикризового управління підприємством(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Хома, І. Б.Запропоновано системний підхід щодо попередження бізнес-конфліктів у процесі розроблення та запровадження у дію підсистем антикризового управління підприємством. Узагальнено перелік елементів, що блокують досягнення результатів антикризового управління суб’єктом господарювання в умовах зародження бізнес-конфліктів для подальшого їх уникнення та ідентифіковано позитивні наслідки від вчасного запобігання конфліктним ситуаціям у підприємницькій діяльності. The systematic approach to the prevention of the business conflicts are proposed in the development and implementation of the subsystems of crisis management. The list of items that block the achievement of results of anti-recessionary operation of business in conditions of the business conflicts’ origin for further their avoidance is generalized and the positive effects of early warning of conflict situations in the entrepreneurial business are identified. The crisis management is considered as a totality of forms and methods of implementation of anti-crisis procedures that must be applied to a particular enterprise for its “recovery” even in the presence of the origin of various business conflicts in it, which are especially dangerous in the final stage of the development and implementation of the main subsystems of crisis management of a business entity, since they can indefinitely delay the process of its “recovery” and spontaneously undermine the integrity and effectiveness of its planned anti-crisis events. All business conflicts arise from a mismatch between different interests in transactions that require a more balanced attitude towards them in the aspect of their warning, forecasting and settlement. It is believed that the full-fledged mechanism of anti-recessionary operation of business consists of the following subsystems of: 1) the diagnostic subsystem of financial condition and assessment of the prospects for the development of business enterprise; 2) the subsystem of marketing; 3) the subsystem of anticrisis investment policy; 4) the subsystem of personnel management; 5) the subsystem of production management; 6) the subsystem of closing down of business. It is proved that the presence of a business conflict not only leads to the cessation of all possible contractual relations in the enterprise, but also does not allow to activate and to achieve a positive result from the enacted subsystems of crisis management. The subsystem of liquidation’s organization of the enterprise, the purpose of which is not saving further its operation, is as an exception. The following research methods: analysis and synthesis, generalization and grouping are used in the article. The influence of the positive consequences of prevention of various conflicting situations in the effectiveness of the integrated mechanism of crisis management of enterprise are analyzed on the basis of these methods through a differentiated approach to the detection and bundling of elements that block the achievement of positive results of individual subsystems of crisis management. A systematic approach is based on the idea of the prevention of business conflicts in process of development and commissioning of the subsystems of enterprise’s crisis management therefore it is recommended to use: the command activity in business that would holistically focused on anti-crisis measures in entrepreneurial activity; the maximum supportability by ability to predict the risk of origin of business conflicts; the optimization approaches to making the right decision in the list of the various possible solutions; the strategic approach to business planning in general, and the conclusion of only profitable (lucrative) business transactions; the optimization approaches in regard to the implementation stages of business agreements with in-depth analysis of all possible business processes. The prospect for further research in this field is the development of quantitative methods for forecasting the impact of different kinds of conflict situations on the enterprises’ insolvency and its timely warning before an individual program of crisis management will be applied to this enterprise for more rapid achievement of the best results in overcoming the crisis.Item Ризик регулювання у процесі планування виробничо-господарської діяльності підприємства(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Лакіза, В. В.Розглянуто регулювання стосовно функції планування, висвітлено причини появи ризику корегувальних заходів у процесі планування; виявлено та ідентифіковано фактори ризику та підходи для оцінювання ризику регулювання; запропоновано поділ ризиків регулювання за характером дії, визначення міри ризику та управління ризиком регулювання; сформовано послідовність розроблення корегувальних заходів у процесі стратегічного планування з урахуванням можливості виникнення ризиків регулювання; виділено суб’єктивні перепони для здійснення ефективного стратегічного планування. Regulating is considered in the context of planning functions; the definition of a separate group of risks of regulating in the context of the planning function in general and strategic planning in particular is offered. There are also considered risks that inevitably arise in the process of developing and implementing production and sales plans of enterprises. The causes of risks are explained (unpredictable changes in both external and internal environment of the enterprise). Risk factors and approaches for assessing the risk of regulating are detected and identified; the sequence of developing corrective measures in the process of strategic planning with the account of regulating risks is formed. The following approaches to risk assessment are reviewed: elaboration of all possible alternative regulatory conditions of completing regulating measures; identification of the most vulnerable points in regulatory actions; analysis of regulatory measures sensitivity to perturbating effects. Regulation risk management is defined as the process of preparation and implementation of measures aimed at reducing threats of taking wrong decisions and possible negative consequences of unwanted developments in the process of implementing the decisions taken. It should be based on the concept of acceptable risk, which reduces the possibility of its growth and brings the risk to an acceptable value. There are four methods of risk management: avoidance, localization, dissipation (distribution, diversification) and compensation. It is indicated that risk management is conducted on two levels - a controlled and controlling ones. Risk analysis involves the following steps: forming the final list of potentially unwanted events; defining a set of risk factors and their combinations based on certain qualitative and quantitative values and its particular indicators; evaluating and interpreting the obtained risk indicators values of an initially chosen corrective measure. The following subjective obstacles for effective strategic planning can be defined: excessive pressure, privilege of short-term indicators over long-term ones, manager’s personality traits, planning specialist’s personality traits. It is noted that an enterprise cannot fully eliminate the risk of its activities, including the risk of ineffective regulating actions, but is able to manage risks through their effective prediction.Item Об’єднання підприємств як механізм підвищення ефективності інвестиційної діяльності в регіоні(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Бондаренко, Ю. Г.; Кулініч, Т. В.Досліджено взаємовплив об'єднань підприємств на розвиток їх учасників, а також на активізацію інвестиційної та підприємницької діяльності в регіоні, зокрема за умови наявності сформованої адекватної інвестиційної регіональної політики. У разі ефективного поєднання зазначених процесів регіон самостійно, створюючи умови для реалізації підприємницької діяльності та для утворення об'єднань підприємств, підштовхує інвесторів до вкладень у певні регіональні об'єкти, посилені завдяки такому об'єднанню, а значить – стимулює активний розвиток цієї території. Для дослідження впливу створених об'єднань підприємств на збільшення припливу інвестицій у регіон у статті застосовано метод SWOT-аналізу. На прикладі сукупності об'єднань підприємств, значущих для соціально-економічного розвитку західного регіону України, здійснено диференціацію цих об'єднань за типами, виділено їхні характерні переваги і недоліки, визначено можливості їх впливу на розвиток регіону. Особливу увагу приділено кластерам як ефективній формі об'єднання підприємств та інструменту активізації регіональних процесів. The mutual influence of enterprises associations to development of their participants, as well as to intensification of investment and entrepreneurial activity in the region are researched, especially when adequate investment regional policy are formed. With effective combination of these processes region itself creates the conditions for the entrepreneurship implementation and for enterprises associations formation, and so it allows us to direct investments in certain regional objects, reinforced by such association, and therefore – all this promotes active development of the territory. For research of influence of created associations of enterprises on increasing of investment inflows to the region, the SWOT-analysis method is applied at the article. On the example of enterprises associations set which are relevant to the socio-economic development of the Western region of Ukraine, there is performed a differentiation of these associations per types, marked with their specific advantages and disadvantages, also there are outlined their possible impacts on the development of the region. So, Association’s formation through constant coordination of economic activities of enterprises-members and through ensuring their common interests in the relevant market will contribute sustainable development of the region. Associations in the form of Corporations creates the possibility of regional branches, formed with centralized and consolidated regulation of industrial and economic activities of their members, to better decide complex of their financial, technical, social and economic problems. Consortium will help its members to conduct reasonable goal-setting, to achieve confidently the common economic goal, to implement target programs and projects in region, beneficial for its socio-economic development. Such group companies as Concern will allow regional enterprises–members to use the possibilities of large-scale production, combining, coproduction and technological connections in order to get effective results with capital flow from less to more promising economy sectors, and also for financial implementation of large projects. Holding will create easier conditions for joint business activities, including the regulation of manufactured products’ sales. Industrial and Financial Groups (IFG) reveal the possibility of more effective implementation of state programs for the development of priority industries and for conducting economic restructuring in Ukraine according to international agreements. Due to IFG formation, investment and innovation processes will be activated in various sectors of the economy of the region, efficiency of the companies–members and their competitiveness on domestic and foreign markets should be increased. Rare for today kinds of associations – Cartels and Syndicates - also provide their advantages to regional business-partners: thanks to the implementation of joint business, they can effectively regulate the marketing of products with the preservation of agree to reduce competition between such companies. Particular attention is given to Clusters as an efficient form of business combination and as a revitalization tool for regional processes. Thus, from Clusters possibilities there are given innovation direction of economic development in a particular region considering its specificity, promoting employment growth and increasing demand for highly skilled labour, additional attraction of domestic and foreign investment. Clusters also provide strategic and operational support to SMEs, they increase competitiveness of the region as whole and create there a favourable competitive environment.Item Інноваційні теорії ринкотворення та розвитку бізнес-сегментів(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Подольчак, Н. І.; Ясінська, А. І.Розглянуто сучасні теорії створення нових ринків та формування нових бізнес- сегментів: концепцію квантово-економічного аналізу, стратегію “блакитного океану”, теорію обмежень, концепцію “інтелектуальне лідерство”, теорію цінностей та концепцію ділової моделі. Згідно із концепцією квантово-економічного аналізу, творення нового ринку можливе, коли комбінація етапів розвитку товару, компанії та ринку є сприятливою для існування. У разі отримання недозволеної комбінації у матриці КЕА необхідно її видозмінювати на дозволену, яка створить умови для розвитку підприємства. Концепція “блакитного океану” основана на ідеї концентрації зусиль організації не на конкурентній боротьбі, а на виокремленні бізнес-сегменту у існуючому ринку або створенні абсолютно нового ринку. Концепція ділової моделі наголошує на інноваційно-стимулювальній дії ризиків для утворення нових ринків (чи окремих бізнес-сегментів) та визначає споживчоорієнтованість ринкотворчих процесів. Теорія обмежень спрямована на розкриття внутрішнього потенціалу організації для вирішення виробничо-господарських, управлінських чи інших проблем з метою пропонування ринку якісних товарів за доступними цінами. Теорія творення цінностей спрямована на формування цінності організації через пошук її власної ідентичності для максимального забезпечення потреб споживачів. Концепція інтелектуального лідерства зосереджується на важливості систематичного прогнозування стану та розвитку ринкового середовища, а також визначення та формування потреб споживачів. Дослідження цих теорій дало змогу виокремити фактори стимулювання ринкотвірних процесів, а саме: споживачі (їх реальні та потенційні потреби), товари (роботи, послуги), ціни, організації-виробники, а також ризики (як стимулювальні до виживання у ринковому середовищі фактори). The modern theory of the creation of new markets and development of new business segments are researched: the concept of quantum-economic analysis, the strategy of “blue ocean”, theory of constraints analysis, the concept of “intellectual leadership”, theory of value and the concept of the business model. According to the concept of quantum-economic analysis – a new market creation is possible when combination of stages for product development, the company and the market is favorable for existence. In the case of a combination of matrix unauthorized QEA it is necessary to modify the acceptable which will create conditions for enterprise development. Knowledge of the field success QEA, enables the design stage to abandon the project doomed to failure.The concept of “Blue Ocean” is based on the idea of focusing that organizations do not compete, and the singling business segment in existing markets or creates entirely new market. Authors blue oceans replaced competition in the creative process of creating a new system of values for customers and for own company. The concept of business model emphasizes innovation and stimulating action risks the creation of new markets (or separate business segments) and determines customer oriented in the market creation processes. The main elements of the model are: consumer choice, the choice of scale, strategic control and receive remuneration for their activities. Business model is the only systems of its elements are in close relationship and mutual need and meet the needs of customers. Theory of constraints analysis aims at the disclosure of internal capacity of the organization to address supply-economic, managerial or other problems, to market offering quality products at affordable prices. The essence of the theory is reduced to the identification and optimization of the “bottleneck”, which, according to the terminology of the concept are the problem areas of the company. The process of finding and strengthening of problem areas is endless process that ensures every new level of performance. The theory of value creation aims at fostering the values of the organization, through a search of its own identity and maximization of satisfaction the consumers needs. Thus identifying their own unique organization makes it a long-term strategy and creates new market. The concept of intellectual leadership focuses on the importance of systematically predicting the state and development of the market environment and to identify the needs of consumers and formation. Reach intellectual leadership ability can at best use of the product hidden abilities and special skills of employees. The concept of intellectual leadership considers the business as a movement from the creation of future markets to dominate them. The study of these theories makes it possible to isolate those factors that contribute process of creation market – consumers (their real and potential needs), product (works, services) for organization producing goods, as well as risks (like stimulating to survive in the market environment factors).Item Забезпечення розвитку експорту високотехнологічних товарів в умовах зміни векторів зовнішньої торгівлі(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Квач, Я. П.; Коваль, В. В.; Циналєвська, І. А.Розглянуто проблему забезпечення розвитку експортної діяльності, перш за все, високотехнологічних товарів, в умовах зміни векторів зовнішньої торгівлі. В межах дослідження проаналізовано структуру експорту України для визначення ступеня технологічності основних товарних позицій експорту. Проаналізовано також зарубіжний досвід застосування інструментів підтримки та стимулювання експортної діяльності. В умовах необхідності переорієнтації зовнішніх торговельних зв’язків вітчизняних товаровиробників наведено практичні рекомендації щодо підтримки експортної діяльності національних виробників високотехнологічної продукції. The article examines the problem of the development of exports in the context of changing direction of foreign trade in particular a special attention was paid to support's mechanisms of high-tech product's exports.. Indicators of Ukraine's foreign trade dynamics demonstrate a low effectiveness of the state export policy. The analysis of the commodity structure of Ukraine's exports indicates the raw material orientation of national economy in the system of international division of trade flows. The high-tech products export's value denotes a current low level of technological effectiveness of industrial production. The problem of inefficient export's structure is actualized by the fact that opportunities for manufacturing high-tech products in Ukraine are available, but at present, because of a number of reasons, not implemented. The crisis of modern foreign policy stipulates an acute fluctuations in the foreign trade especially in export of those commodity positions, which belonged to high-tech category, which include such commodity groups as “Aircraft and spacecraft”, “Computer and office equipment” “Electronics communications”, “Pharmaceutical products”, “Scientific instruments”, “ Electrical machinery equipment and their parts “, “Chemicals”, “Non-electrical machinery” and “Arms”. Closing the Russian market for such commodity groups as nonelectrical equipment and aerospace equipment, for which the Russian direction of export reached about 60% of the total, put the production of innovative goods on the brink of survival. Under these conditions the need for sales markets’ reorientation is a prerequisite the preservation and development of national innovation system, given the fact that the production of high-tech products for the domestic market remains unclaimed. Therefore, efforts for diversification of geography of deliveries of Ukrainian high-tech industrial commodities put on the agenda an application of development tools for export activity support in the development and implementation of effective mechanisms for supporting of national exporters when entering foreign markets. The experience of many developed countries, which have succeeded in raising of finished products export, demonstrates a crucial role in these achievements of effective system of state exports support. A cornerstone of the export support system is a mechanism of the financial support; the main instruments are mainly related to improving the efficiency of national export's credit system that is achieved through the strengthening of specialized financial institutions – Export Credit Agency (ECA). Due to the financial support of ECA national companies have the opportunity to receive state-warranty insurance and credit support as well as bank loans for longer periods and more favourable terms. In Ukraine, because of the lack state policy concerning development of infrastructural environment of export activity precisely in terms of the application of instruments of the financial sector, access to domestic exporters to credit funds is extremely difficult. This applies both a provision of investment resources for the modernization of the fixed assets and short-term lending to cover working capital needs. In our opinion, the development of export insurance and crediting via creation of such institutions as national export credit agency is able to provide a way out of crisis of foreign trade for Ukraine since the problem of access to foreign markets, primarily concerning shortage of working capital available for businesses and, at least, lack of investment resources to purchase new equipment and intangible assets. The validity of such a proposal supported by the fact that the creation of such an organization is not against the rules of the World Trade Organization and allowing largely to protect the financial position of domestic producers.Item Сутність та мотиви здійснення толінгових операцій на підприємствах(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Мельник, О. Г.; Коць, І. І.; Урікова, О. М.Розглянуто сутність понять толінгових операцій на підприємствах. На основі аналізування наукових праць та нормативно-правової бази уточнено сутність поняття “толінгові операції.” Виокремлено мотиви здійснення толінгових операцій для замовника і для переробника імпортної сировини. Охарактеризовано позитивні й негативні аспекти толінгових операцій для підприємств-переробників. The article considers the essence of the concept of tolling operations; specifies the concept of tolling operations on the basis of analysis of scientific works and normatively-legal basis; describes the definition of the operations with customer-supplied raw materials and the reprocessing conditions of negative profit. The operations with customer-supplied raw materials or so called tolling operations are one of the forms of international specialization of labour. Customer-supplied raw materials are goods allocated in custom processing conditions whereas services which provides the reprocessing are called tolling. Under the conditions of economic crisis in Ukraine tolling operations are the urgent and the most efficient methods of gaining experience, application of modern technologies, maximization of profit, development of international economic activity of enterprises. Tolling is services in reprocessing of raw material which is imported at customs territory of a state and is free of taxation and assignment of property to domestic enterprise that reprocesses the raw material with further export of final products. The term tolling is widespread in global economics and is recognized by the World Trade Organization as one of the form of international specialization of labour. However the term tolling is not indicated in Customs Code of Ukraine. Tolling operations greatly contribute to the cooperation between enterprises which is mutually beneficial for companies ordering raw material processing (tollingers) and for executors (processing enterprises). These operations are integral part of foreign economic activity of enterprises in the age of economic globalization and integration. There is no clear definition of the term tolling operations because of its non-conformity with international terminology. According to the research done tolling operations are the system of organizing of a raw material reprocessing enterprise, terms and forms of payment of reprocessing services, ways of realization of final products made of customer-supplied raw materials between counterparts from different countries. In this sense the concept of tolling operations is narrower than the concept of operations with customer-supplied raw materials since the tolling operations are conducted between the counterparts from different countries and are the subject of foreign economic agreements. The analysis of literature and practice enables us to distinguish the motives of conducting of tolling operations: for customer: incentive and efforts of enterprises of developed countries to cut the production costs at the expense of realization of production, full or partial, in the countries with lower expenditures on wages; the lack of production technologies in ordering country; for processor: incentive to launch independent and powerful production technologies; the lack of floating funds for independent purchase of raw material, nonavailability of credits, debts. The objective reasons for the expansion and using of tolling at the post-Soviet economic space are: the deficit of raw material resources in a country with powerful complex of processing enterprises; he lack of enough floating funds for purchasing the required amount of raw material; social pressure by the part-time working production personnel of a processing enterprise; the real threat of closing up and/ or stoppage of production in some branches of technology. Tolling operations can positively affect competitive ability of manufacturing enterprises and the country where it is located. Tolling opens up the markets of developed countries for production and realization of new goods. It also has a positive influence on the other branches of economy of the country where the processing enterprise is situated. It mainly occurs when a foreign company purchases raw material and produces goods in the same country. However tolling has a number of disadvantages as well. Native processing enterprises use manufacturing capacities and involve labour forces as in full-value production whereas they receive reimbursement only for conducted technological operations. At the same time foreign enterprises sell final goods and receive underlying profit. Considering this Ukrainian enterprises operating on the terms of tolling should master methods and approaches of determining prices on operations with customer-supplied raw materials and reorientate gradually on independent production of goods which could be competitive on international market.Item Оцінювання управлінського персоналу як основного джерела забезпечення кадрової безпеки підприємства(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Карковська, В. Я.В умовах забезпечення економічної безпеки підприємства вагоме місце відведено кадровій безпеці. Основним джерелам забезпечення ефективності кадрової безпеки підприємства є комплексне оцінювання управлінського персоналу. В статті проілюстровано процес оцінювання управлінського персоналу як основного джерела забезпечення кадрової безпеки підприємства з розмежуванням його на певні етапи. In terms of ensuring the enterprise economic security the personnel safety plays an important role. The main source of providing the enterprise personnel safety efficiency is a comprehensive evaluation of the enterprise managerial personnel. The article illustrates the process of managerial personnel evaluation as the main source of providing the enterprise security, with this process being divided into certain stages. The main purpose of evaluating managerial staff as a source of the enterprise personnel security is providing the most effective ways to implement the enterprise security strategy. In the process of achieving this goal the following tasks should be performed: ensuring the rapid economic development of the enterprise due to effectiveness of managerial personnel; ensuring the revenue maximization due to effective implementation of management decisions; managing personnel risks; ensuring enterprise financial stability and solvency due to managerial personnel effectiveness; searching for the ways to accelerate the enterprise personnel security programmes implementation. The management effectiveness of the personnel component is the initial condition for realizing economic security and its strategy, as it supports this realization with the relevant material and labor resources. This trend of the enterprise activities aims to accomplish the following tasks: to quickly and accurately adapt the activities of the enterprise to changing market conditions, to the markets of appropriate material resources and means of production; to make appropriate adjustments to the strategic and operational plans of the enterprise; to minimize costs of the necessity to change plans; to plan requirements in specialists; to professionally develop specialists; to develop methods of assessing personnel performance and to implement conclusions made from this assessment. The development strategy of any enterprise since its formation assumes steady economic growth through effective management activities. The effectively built management process is a major factor and a prerequisite to ensure both enterprise successful operation and maintenance of a high level of competitive advantages of the enterprise. There is a direct connection between the efficiency of administrative activities at the enterprise and its economic development. This especially applies to enterprises whose position in the market economy is changed fundamentally, the process being accompanied by the need to introduce new directions of management improvement. The main purpose of evaluating managerial personnel is to identify problems in the management personnel activities to ensure the appropriate level of personnel security of the enterprise and the ways to overcome them. The process of evaluating the managerial personnel should be purposeful, i.e. it should be aimed at achieving the set goal; it should also be active, dynamic and flexible. The system of goals should be ordered according to the terms and mechanisms of continuous reproduction, i.e it should be realistic, clear, measurable, and urgent. The process of evaluating managerial personnel as the main source of ensuring the enterprise personnel security allows to form its optimal structure, to include the most necessary components, and to depict it schematically. On this basis it is possible to ensure evaluation of the effectiveness of managerial personnel and functioning of personnel security, without material and financial costs. The presented managerial personnel evaluation stages will be used in further studies on finding effective ways to ensure the necessary level of the enterprise personnel security.Item Моделі оцінки економічного ефекту та ефективності експортно-імпортних операцій (на прикладі парфумерно-косметичних підприємств хімічної промисловості)(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Кононенко, Я. В.Розглянуто різні методологічні підходи до визначення економічного ефекту та економічної ефективності експортних та імпортних операцій промислових підприємств, акцент зроблено на діяльності парфумерно-косметичних підприємств хімічної промисловості. Визначено відмінності між поняттями економічного ефекту та економічної ефективності. Прості адитивні моделі розрахунку економічного ефекту не є достатніми для оцінки загальної ефективності експортно-імпортної діяльності підприємств. Окреслено підходи до розроблення багатофакторних моделей оцінки економічної ефективності експортної та імпортної діяльності підприємства. The existing methodological approaches to evaluating the economic effect and efficiency of export-import activities of enterprises are analyzed and proposals for their improvement are provided. It is known that in the national economic science in evaluating the effectiveness of exportimport operations of enterprises there are dominating approaches based on the calculation of indicators that can be defined as the instantaneous rate, and the average economic effect of transactions. The instantaneous rate is the economic effect of each specific export or import transaction, and the averaged economic effect is the effect of export (import) transactions for a certain period of time. It is emphasized that it is simpler to use the methods of the average cost of access to foreign markets distributed by years and their taking into account in additive formulae of economic effects. It is possible, if the mechanism of financial planning (budgeting) of an export project is used, which involves budgeting project. Several determining factors or groups of factors have an impact on the obtained result. We can rank these factors or groups of factors according to their significance (impact on the result) as follows: market pricing factors; production costs factors; forex volatility; credit influence; tax and regulatory policy factors; transaction costs factors. It is concluded that the ability of enterprises to affect the factor of efficiency of export and import transactions differs. The company can consider such factors as systemic risks and duly respond to their dynamics, minimizing their possible negative impact. Thus, in case of foreign trade transactions, it can use a set of traditional (bank guarantee, letter of credit, bill of exchange) and non-traditional (futures, options, forward, swap) financial instruments of risks management (hedging). Namely, the company should use a strategy of minimizing risks. The problem is that the detailed classification of branches isn’t provided by the State Statistics Service and this does not allow singling out the researched perfume and cosmetics complex from the general composition of the industry, separating it from the branches that have specific domestic sources of raw materials, for example, that of coke chemistry. However, the available data indicate that domestic production of complex chemical components for the perfume and cosmetics complex are practically absent or very insignificant in the market. It has been found that simple, reliable and effective methods of evaluating the effectiveness of export-import transactions are required along with the additive models ofь export-import transactions direct economic effect calculation. They must take into account: 1) complex probable nature of the interaction of factors that determine it, 2) comprehensive connectivity of export-import transactions in the production activities of domestic enterprises, 3) a means of the the company’s system effectiveness evaluation; 4) the specificity of domestic enterprises. So, we think it impossible to create a single synthesizing factor that would allow to unambiguously evaluate, compare and position enterprises engaged in export-import activitiesItem Можливості використання QR-кодів у контексті досягнення цілей маркетингових комунікацій(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Балик, У. О.; Колісник, М. В.Досліджено питання застосування концепції інтегрованих маркетингових комунікацій у сучасних ринкових умовах. Визначено місце QR-коду в інтегрованих маркетингових комунікаціях, окреслено основні переваги та недоліки його використання, визначено цільову аудиторію користувачів QR-коду. Проаналізовано особливості використання інноваційного медіа-носія QR-коду різними засобами інтегрованих маркетингових комунікацій, визначено формати розміщення повідомлення на носії. The article researches an issue of application of the concept of integrated marketing communications under contemporary market conditions. The author has described a tendency for convergence, which is inherent to modern media channels. Meanwhile, the author has indicated that this process is inherent not only to means used in order to provide a communication process, but also to the sense, which is presented with their help. Moreover, the author has determined a position of a QR-code within the integrated marketing communications, detected the main advantages and disadvantages of its usage, indicated a target audience of QR-code users. The researcher has indicated that a precondition of QR-code emergence was an increasing need of the market for invention of new ways of exchange of greater information amounts, since the information exchange had been earlier performed due to barcoding systems. The author has determined that one of the main causes of increasing popularity of such barcoding systems under modern conditions is more and more expansion of mobile gadgets with increasing technological opportunities. On the basis of analysis of theoretical principles of functioning of two-dimensional barcoding systems such as the QR-system the author has indicated their actions in two directions, i. e. offline- and online-communications. This means that barcoding enables to transform information into a digit form as well as into an inverse form consisting of decoding a script imprinted on a certain surface (a commodity package, a specialized advertising bearer, etc.) into a readable form. An achieved marketing effect is related to an outward appearance of the QR-code and a context appearing in such a case. Thus, the QR-code issue should be considered in the context of visualization. Simultaneously, it should be taken into account that a communication context, presented by the codes, is also of significant importance. The author has determined that the QR-code international standard had been approved in 2004 by the quality management system. In 2011 it was recognized as a standard for mobile phones by the international organization such as Globecomm Systems International. Henceforth, appropriateness of QR-code application has become unquestionable. An evidence of this fact is their widespread application for marketing purposes in enterprises of different sizes, which work in different industries. Furthermore, the author substantiates that nowadays the QR-code can be defined as a representative of modern marketing instruments being a consequence of the scientific and technological progress, which proposes a cheap way of realization of communication between an advertiser and a customer in offline and online modes. On the other hand, taking into account a definition of QR-coding technology as a method of process implementation, the very QR-code should be also considered from the standpoint of their technological content. The author has indicated that the QR-codes are more and more frequently used within large-scale advertising projects in different media channels and information bearers. Their appearance on the web pages is reported to be notable. The author has outlined that application of two-dimensional codes of this type occurs due to an initiative of mobile gadget users. This enables to apply a marketing communication strategy of a “pull” type. Its advantage, in contrast to a “push” strategy, is transmitting an initiative regarding communication process beginning to a customer. Within this context importance of the QRcodes consists of their appropriateness for usage within the marketing communication strategies of the “pull” type, especially on account of possibility of integration of traditional communication means with modern interactive ones and involvement of mobile gadget users in the process of exchange of information with sellers and other users. The author has substantiated that in spite of considerably insignificant application of the QR-codes as equivalents of the barcoding systems in the past, a need for coding, transition, and reading large amounts of information has become a market desire. Consequently, the standardized QR-codes has transformed into many types of two-dimensional coding systems, which are applied depending on market requirements.Item Стратегії та механізм забезпечення економічної безпеки зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємств(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Прокопенко, О. В.; Школа, В. Ю.; Домашенко, М. Д.Висвітлено особливості формування системи управління економічною безпекою зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємств, яка охоплює стратегії та механізм управління економічною безпекою зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємств, рекомендовано під механізмом забезпечення економічної безпеки ЗЕД машинобудівного підприємства розуміти складову системи управління підприємством, яка на основі вибраної органами управління цілі щодо підтримки або підвищення рівня економічної безпеки ЗЕД з використанням наявного потенціалу підприємства забезпечує реалізацію поставленої мети та приводить до стабільної та ефективної роботи підприємства, запропоновано трикомпонентний показник оцінки рівня економічної безпеки підприємства, який охоплює: оцінку потенціалу підприємства для здійснення ЗЕД; рівень країнового ризику країни; показник рівня ринкових можливостей підприємства. The article deals with peculiarities of forming foreign economic activities economic security management system at enterprises, including strategies and mechanisms of foreign economic activities economic security control. Foreign economic activities economic security management at the enterprise includes organizational and economic control mechanism structure, functions, managerial decisions, which together lead to fulfillment of the main task, it being provision of efficient and smooth enterprise operation. Functioning of organizational and economic mechanism of controlling foreign economic activities economic security should be considered as the activity oriented to achieving managerial goals, and the state of this mechanism should be taken as the criterion to determine the foreign economic activities economic security level. However, to determine managerial aims achievement degree is a complex task, which requires detailed lead-up to choose factors influencing the general level of the enterprise foreign economic activities economic security. These factors should comprehensively determine the enterprise foreign economic activities economic security level, to characterize enterprise activities, its short-term and long-term results both inside and outside the enterprise. Foreign economic activities economic security providing mechanism of the machine building enterprise is an enterprise control system constituent, which on the basis of the aim chosen by authorities concerning foreign economic activities economic security level maintaining or increasing through using the enterprise potential, provides the stated aim realization and leads to enterprise stable and effective work. Organizational and economic mechanism to control foreign economic activities economic security at the enterprise is multilevel, therefore it is possible to achieve the set goals only when all systems and mechanism constituents are mutually coordinated. Applying this mechanism allows to create new scheme of cooperation between enterprise control system elements and to make the foreign economic activities economic security control more effective, logic and systematic. Strategies to provide enterprise economic security are constituents of the mechanism. They are chosen depending on the economic security zone, corresponding to each analyzed foreign economic activities directions. The three-component factor to estimate the enterprise economic security level is suggested to consider internal and external factors, which influence the enterprise economic security during its entering the foreign market. It includes evaluation of the enterprise foreign economic activities potential; level of the country risk; factor of the enterprise market abilities level. Development of the approach to forming strategies and the mechanism to provide foreign economic activities economic security at the enterprise will allow to increase the economic security general level, to stimulate administrative staff to take measures oriented towards efficient use of enterprise resources, to choose the optimal market for selling its products, and to choose the activities that will satisfy the international market needs.Item Зарубіжний досвід формування потенціалу підприємства(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Шостак, Л. В.Доведено необхідність використання зарубіжного передового досвіду формування потенціалу підприємства під час планування на вітчизняних підприємствах. Автор наводить конкретні приклади ефективності формування на іноземних підприємствах та пропонує послідовність (алгоритм) адаптації закордонних напрацювань у вітчизняній практиці. The necessity to use foreign experience for forming enterprise potential in planning processes at domestic enterprises is proven. Examples of the best foreign practices in the field are presented and the sequence (algorithm) of adapting foreign experience to domestic conditions is offered. The crisis in the national economy results in reduction of production output at the most of domestic enterprises; due to decrease of the consumer purchasing power there takes place accumulation of finished goods in warehouses as well as mass layoffs at enterprises. These factors lead to reduction of the enterprise potential. In order to develop the appropriate theoretical principles we substantiate theoretical aspects of forming domestic enterprises potential; principles and the model of its formation are singled out. For building the domestic enterprises potential, especially in times of economic uncertainty characteristic for the present state of the domestic economy, it is worth not only assess the benefits of international experience but also to determine the points that may be useful for doing domestic business. The study analyzed two types of potential, namely, employment and innovations potential. Based on this analysis the sequence of adapting foreign experience to domestic enterprises is proposed. The grounded global experience in enterprise potential building, namely the sequence of adapting the international experience to domestic enterprises will be used in further research to develop a model for determining the potential of the enterprise. Based on theoretical information and analytical data there will be created the model and the calculations will be done regarding the choice of the type of foreign experience to be chosen for adaptation.Item Інститути та інновації: проблеми та механізми взаємодії(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Тимошенков, І. В.; Нащекіна, О. М.Охарактеризовано місце і роль інновацій у соціально-економічному розвитку України. Розглянуто інституційні основи інноваційного розвитку економіки. Проаналізовано напрями та форми взаємодії інститутів та інновацій. Визначено завдання вдосконалення інститутів в Україні як ключової умови та основи інноваційного розвитку країни. The goal of this paper is to substantiate theoretical and methodological principles and practical tasks for the improvement and advancement of the system of societal institutions in the context of ensuring the innovative development of Ukraine. Based on this goal, the following research tasks were formulated: to identify and characterize the place and role of innovations in the social and economic development of a country; to analyze directions and forms of interactions between institutions and innovations; to identify institutional foundations for innovative development of a society. Conceptual unity of the study was ensured due to using both general and specific methods of research, including statistical sampling methods, conjoint analysis, content-analysis. Under the conditions of deepening globalization and intensifying international competition, national innovation systems have transformed from a mainly internal factor of economic development to one of the most important determinants of international competitiveness of countries and a factor ensuring the strength of national security systems. It is widely accepted in modern mainstream economic science, as well as in the society as a whole, that to solve their problems related to innovative development, both developing countries and transition economies must adopt institutional models which have proved to be successful in economically developed foreign countries, and first of all in those that occupy the top positions in global rankings of the world’s most innovative countries (Switzerland, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, USA, Singapore, Denmark, Luxembourg, Hong Kong). However, as global historical experience shows, the forms of innovations, directions of innovative development and evaluations of innovation implementation results are always determined by specific historical, cultural and institutional conditions created by a specific society, which can promote or impede innovative development. That is why, when declaring the improvement of the national innovation system as a strategic direction of the development of Ukraine, one should take into account that, on the one hand, the creation and implementation of an effective national strategy of the innovative development require a profound rethinking of global historical experience through studies of meaning, place and role of innovations in the social-economic and cultural development of the society. On the other hand, it would be largely erroneous to borrow (or even worse to blindly copy) specific institutional models of a national innovation system and mechanisms of its functioning, which have proved to be progressive and effective in other countries under specific historical conditions of their development. The practical adoption in Ukraine of imported from outside institutions supporting innovative development, which are common and work well in other countries, will be appropriate and worthwhile under the following conditions: first, if the feasibility and effectiveness of their adjustment to general cultural, socio-economic and institutional conditions in Ukraine can be proved; second, if prior to their adoption, a systematic evaluation of their advantages and possible consequences under the real life conditions for their implementation and subsequent use is made.Item Формування інноваційної інфраструктури автомобілебудівної промисловості в умовах європейського вектора розвитку національної економіки(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Терлецька, В. О.Досліджено та представлено визначення терміна “інноваційна інфраструктура”, сформовано класифікацію елементів інноваційної інфраструктури та запропоновано розглядати її як підсистеми однієї функціональної системи, які логічно і послідовно здійснюються у інноваційному процесі. Визначено основні завдання та суб’єкти інноваційної інфраструктури, досліджено проблеми формування та визначено шляхи і способи розв’язання проблем інноваційного розвитку автомобілебудівної промисловості України. Представлено у графічній формі динаміку придбання машин, обладнання та програмного забезпечення для реалізації інновацій за 2005–2013 рр. У табличній формі відображено інноваційну активність промислових підприємств за 2005–2013 рр. engineering and industrial production over the world. In the developed countries, the industry is strategic because it provides the development of many related industries, promotes the assimilation of high technologies, creation of final products with high added value, and contributes to the employment and bring appropriate charges to budgets. It is reasonable to develop machine – building industry in Ukraine as a strategic industry. Due to the necessity of withdrawal of economic stagnation related industries, the problem of employment and the reducing of the outflow of capital abroad. This is a strategic branch of the economy, where a potential of a country is being formed. The main problems of the domestic machine – building industry is relatively low technical and economic level, poorly developed production of components, improper implementation capacity of international scientific and technical cooperation, the lag in implementing environmental standards, the unresolved problem of recycling old cars, although the development of automobile industry in Ukraine has all the necessary resources, namely industrial base, skilled workforce, but the current domestic automotive industry is underdeveloped. The article explores and presents a definition of “innovation infrastructure”. Classification of the elements of innovation infrastructure has been formed and has been proposed to consider as a subsystem of a functional system that logically and consistently implemented in the innovation process. The main tasks and subjects of innovation infrastructure have been defined. The problems of formation have been investigated. The ways and means of solving the problems of innovative development of the automobile industry in Ukraine have been described. The dynamics of the purchase of machinery, equipment and software to implement innovation have been presented for the years 2005–2013 in the form of graphics. On the other hand, tables form display innovative activity of industrial enterprises for 2005–2013.Item Принципи та роль фінансового планування в забезпеченні розвитку підприємства(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Бортнік, С. М.Досліджено теоретичні та практичні аспекти фінансового планування підприємств та його роль в збалансуванні фінансових ресурсів. Розглянуто різні трактування поняття “фінансове планування”. Наведено і проаналізовано основні правила, принципи побудови фінансових планів та етапи їх складання. Доведено, що забезпечення обґрунтованості фінансового плану, його реальності залежить від достовірності вихідних даних та якості інформаційного забезпечення фінансового планування на підприємстві, дотримання чіткої процедури його реалізації, врахування специфіки діяльності підприємства та зовнішніх чинників впливу на діяльність. The article investigates the theoretical and practical aspects of financial planning of enterprises and its role in balancing financial resources. The aim of the article is to determine the essence of financial planning, its value, role and principles of organization in conditions of unstable economic environment and the increased risk of managing the enterprise. The article describes different interpretations of "financial planning." The analysis of the term definitions showed that financial planning is treated mainly from two perspectives - as a process and as an activity. The article specifies the content, purpose and application of financial planning. It is shown that the process of financial planning must reflect the purpose of operating and marketing activities of the company, be the development of a system of coordinated financial plans that differ in content and duration, determine the amount of financial resources in accordance with the sources of their formation and areas of intended use depending on the long-term goals of the company, changes in the external and internal environment as well as the established objectives and constraints. The basic rules and principles of financial plans and stages of their preparation are presented and analyzed. It is proved that soundness of the financial plan and its reality depend on the reliability of input data and quality of information support of the enterprise financial planning, observing a clear procedure of its implementation, taking into consideration the specifics of the enterprise activities and external factors affecting the business. The article shows that financial planning is a backbone of the whole mechanism of the enterprise activities. In modern conditions the requirements to the quality of financial planning, its organization and responsiveness to change increase sharply. Therefore, financial planning needs logistic approach to its implementation. The most important principles of financial planning, to be used by all companies without exception are: optimal use of available resources and flexibility of the financial planning system. The article shows that the company must respond to changing internal and external environment in advance, and make corresponding alterations in its activities. The author singles out five stages of financial planning. It is shown that each stage requires economically sound calculations, the results of which should be controlled, analyzed and operatively regulated. Particular value is assigned to the appropriate qualification of company’s management. Practical proposals to improve the design and implementation of the financial plan within the enterprise are worked out. To ensure reasonable financial planning and its execution it is necessary to thoroughly prepare its drawing up, to strictly comply with the procedures (sequence of stages), to take into account the specifics of the enterprise activities, properly processed and accurate input information and external factors.Item Інфраструктура корпоративного середовища: зовнішні та внутрішні структурні елементи(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Сватюк, О. Р.Уточнено сутність поняття “корпоративне середовище”, “інноваційна інфраструктура”, “зовнішні суб’єкти корпоративного управління”, “внутрішні структурні елементи” на основі висвітлення думок науковців та нормативно-законодавчої бази. Досліджено інфраструктуру корпоративного середовища, у якій виділено: зовнішніх суб’єктів корпоративного управління (державу, ринки, інституційних інвесторів) та внутрішні структурні елементи (власників, організаційно управлінську структуру, корпоративний контроль, корпоративну культуру). For the development of joint stock companies there is required the interaction with the external environment, forecasting its regulatory impact on corporations and on the internal mechanism of coordinating interests of corporate entities. The essence of the concepts of «corporate environment», «innovative infrastructure», «external subjects of corporate governance», «internal structural elements» is specified based on scientists’ opinions as well as regulatory and legal framework. The author studies the corporate environment infrastructure and highlights the following: external subjects of corporate governance (state, markets, and institutional investors) and internal structural elements (owners, organizational and management structure, corporate control, and corporate culture). All these subjects have a complicated system of interests, and its coordination is the main task of optimizing corporate governance. The corporate environment infrastructure is a set of components that are not members of the corporation but have a certain influence on it. External subjects of corporate governance are dependent on the economic system as a whole. This is ensured by their relationships and forms the infrastructure of certain environment. The first element of the external environment is ensured at the level of state regulation through the authorities of general and special competence that create rules and regulations for corporate control, and liability of corporations. The organs of special competence include: the National Commission on Securities and Stock Market, State Property Fund of Ukraine, the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine; the National Commission for State Regulation of Financial Services Markets, and other authorities. Another important element of the external environment is the mechanism of market control over the corporation governance. In the system of corporate governance the commodity markets of products and financial markets play a significant role. Corporate governance and its effectiveness are determined by the achievement of certain socio-economic status by the corporation. For the owners an important result of corporate governance is obtaining a portion of profits and increasing exchange price of the company’s shares. Institutional investors (not owners of corporate rights) can be considered to be the third important element of external corporate governance. They are public organizations and mass media that influence corporate strategy and tactics. An important place is occupied by selfregulatory organizations - voluntary non-profit associations of professional stock market participants which perform the function of stock market regulation. Internal elements of the corporate governance system depend primarily on the availability of effective rules and procedures of the owners’ relationship and their impact on the regulated objects, i.e. on the corporation management. Standards and procedures (conducting the general meeting and taking decisions at it, determining the bodies to supervise managers’ performance in the period between meetings, defining competence for concluding agreements with different cost values etc.) are presented. Internal elements of corporate governance also include conduct regulations, staff remuneration of officials, formation of funds and payment of dividends, property transactions, and other types of industrial and economic activities that are developed by managers and agreed upon with the owners. Optimization of interaction between the management and owners is regulated by the state laws and regulations, market environment, and public institutions. Corporate governance systems depend on the characteristics of regulated objects. In small entities where there are a few owners corporate governance systems differ significantly from management systems of joint stock companies with many owners. The internal state of a corporation depends on the economic system as a whole that is ensured by the links between the elements that are part of it.Item Методичні підходи до оцінювання ціни конкурсних пропозицій: надбання та недолік(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Мацапура, О. В.Узагальнено методичні підходи до оцінювання ціни конкурсних пропозицій. Визначено переваги та недоліки кожної з них. Надано пропозиції для усунення виявлених недоліків та визначення методики, найприйнятнішої саме для будівельних підприємств. Зазначено, що мета оцінки пропозицій полягає у визначенні рейтингу прийнятних по суті оферт для того, щоб виявити найвигіднішу для закупівельника пропозицію, визначивши витрати для кожної з них так, щоб мати можливість швидко та достовірно порівняти їх. Вибір найприйнятнішої методики оцінювання конкурсної пропозиції дає можливість визначити доцільність участі оферента у торгах, запропонувати найконкурентоспроможнішу ціну й оцінити ймовірність отримання вигідного підряду. Currently there are quite a number of methods for evaluation of price bids: ball, lowest price, estimated cost, low technical specifications, life cycle cost, cost, administrative and other. The analysis of these methods allows you to choose the most effective for each individual case (the level of competition, cost, timing). At the moment this procedure as the tender is widely distributed in a competitive construction market. In order to choose the winner of the tender should evaluate which of the bidders have put forward the best offer. There are various methods of evaluation of offers, the analysis techniques will allow you to choose the most effective. This paper summarizes the methodological approaches to the evaluation of the price bids, аdvantages and disadvantages of each. Proposals to address the identified weaknesses and the definition of the methodology that best suits the construction companies. The purpose of bid evaluation is to determine the acceptable rating on the merits of offers to identify the most profitable for the buyer suggestion by determining the costs of each of them in such a way as to be able to quickly and accurately compare them. The basic principle of correct assessment: take into account only the factors specified in the tender specifications, to consider them only on the basis of the criteria stated in the tender documents. Techniques of bids in construction. Point. Evaluation of each proposal by awarding her the appropriate number of points. Taking into account coefficients of various factors. Lowest price. The sole criterion in the consideration of offers is price. With preference given to the proposal with the lowest price. Estimated cost. The main criterion is the estimated value. Preference is given to the proposal with the lowest estimated cost. The minimum technical specifications. Selected proposals with the minimum technical specifications. Preference is given to the proposal with the lowest estimated cost. The life cycle cost. The initial price and the cost of operation and maintenance, which determines the total cost of the offer. Costly. Focuses on costs and desired profit. Administrative. Focus on the prices of the main competitors, or focus on one competitor – price leader. Thus the choice of the most appropriate methods for the assessment of proposal prices provides an opportunity to determine the appropriateness of the оffer or in the auction to offer the most competitive price and to assess the likelihood of favorable contract.
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