Менеджмент та підприємництво в Україні: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку. – 2015. – №819

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Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка".

До збірника науково-прикладних праць “Менеджмент та підприємництво в України: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку” увійшли статті, які відображають проблеми менеджменту, підприємництва, інвестиційної та інноваційної діяльності, управління національною економікою України тощо. Для працівників підприємств, банків, інвестиційних та інноваційних структур, органів державного управління, викладачів вищих навчальних закладів, науковців, аспірантів та студентів економічних спеціальностей.

Вісник Національного університету «Львівська політехніка». Серія: Менеджмент та підприємництво в Україні: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку : збірник наукових праць / Міністерство освіти і науки України, Національний університет «Львівська політехніка» ; голова Редакційно-видавничої ради Н. І. Чухрай. – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015. – № 819. – 476 с. : іл.

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Зміст до Вісника «Менеджмент та підприємництво в Україні: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку» № 819
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015)
Титульний аркуш до Вісника «Менеджмент та підприємництво в Україні: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку» № 819
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015)
Система поддержки принятия решений в управлении экономической устойчивостью промышленного предприятия
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Скрыль, О. К.
Наведена разработанная структура системы поддержки принятия решений в управлении экономической устойчивостью промышленного предприятия. Предложенная структура системы поддержки принятия решений в управлении экономической устойчивостью промышленного предприятия, использующая инструментарий интеллектуального анализа данных, позволяет на основе информации, поступающей из множества разнородных источников, оперативно принимать решения по обеспечению экономической устойчивости промышленного предприятия в условиях нестабильной внешней среды, поддерживает итерационный характер процесса принятия решений, что дает возможность менеджерам предприятия их обосновывать, и реализована с помощью самого широкоиспользуемого, но в то же время мощного программного инструмента, что позволяет оперативно реализовывать решения на практике. In modern business competition the economically stable enterprises whose management constantly analyzes the market environment, predicts behavior of competitors and fights for the market positions through effectively organized information system have advantages over other enterprises. In modern industrial enterprises large amount of information is circulating daily, which needs time to be processed thus complicating the decision making process. It is on the organization of information at the enterprise that the quality improvement and the efficiency of the decisions taken depend on and, ultimately, the behavior and conditions of the enterprise in the market, its development prospects and economic stability depend on the same factor. The relevance of the research is the need of ensuring economic stability of the industrial enterprises by using effective information technologies in the decision-making process, such as the decision support system. The purpose of the article is development of the decision support system structure for managing industrial enterprise economic stability. The decision support system in managing economic stability of industrial enterprises is understood as an interactive automated system that assists management of an industrial enterprise in using the data on the enterprise operation and the simulation model for evaluating, forecasting and monitoring the economic stability of industrial enterprises to identify directions for maintaining economic stability and ability to take operational decisions. The offered structure of the decision support system in management of economic stability of the industrial enterprise using tools of the data intellectual analysis allows making operative decisions on ensuring economic stability of the industrial enterprise in the conditions of unstable environment on the basis of the information arriving from diverse sources. As for the practical implementation of the decision support system in the management of economic stability of industrial enterprise in the form of an interactive automated system the system must possess the ability to work with the interactive queries with a query language being quite simple to learn, we propose to create a prototype of the decision support system in MS Excel because it not only provides communication between the software products presented in the subsystem of information input but also offers a userfriendly interface. Thus, the offered decision support system in management of economic stability of the industrial enterprise maintains iterative nature of decision-making process. This gives the chance to managers of the enterprise to justify their decisions. The system is realized by means of a common but powerful program tool that allows to quickly implement the decisions made.
Сучасний стан та перспективи розвитку українського ринку інтелектуальної власності
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Яковлєв, А. І.; Косенко, О. П.; Ткачов, М. М.
Проведено статистичний аналіз інноваційного розвитку української промисловості. Особливий акцент зроблено на динаміці показників формування та розвитку ринку об’єктів інтелектуальної власності. Досліджено динаміку зміни кількості українських підприємств у розрізі напрямів інноваційної діяльності – створення та впровадження новацій. Показано, що теперішній стан світового та національного ринку інтелектуальної власності виконує надзвичайно важливі завдання із забезпечення науково-технічною інформацією, знаннями, досвідом державних структур, наукових організацій, освітніх установ, промислових виробництв, інноваційних фірм, окремих інвесторів та розробників інтелектуальної продукції. The paper conducted a statistical analysis of the innovation development of Ukrainian industry. Particular emphasis is placed on the dynamics of the formation and development of the intellectual property. Proved that the technological development of the industry and its sectors, including engineering, depends largely on a number of important factors. These authors include: the level and characteristics of innovation, ie the status of the development of intelligent technologies (organization of these processes, innovative activity of enterprises and organizations, funding, staffing, etc.); level of innovation, that state of receptivity enterprises, institutions and organizations for innovation; the level of the current state of Ukrainian market of intelligent technologies, ie organic combination of the first two factors. Dynamics of changes in the number of Ukrainian companies in terms of innovation activity – the creation and implementation of innovations. In this study the authors made important conclusions. First, despite the reduction in the number of innovative active enterprises, their dynamics plays a certain stability, which is not progressive, because the industrialized countries are increasing their innovative activity of enterprises accelerated pace. Second, the vast majority of enterprises perform work on the creation and use of Innovation, which indicates that these companies carry out scientific and technical work for their own use and not for the development of innovative market. Proved that the market for intellectual property-specific, and that provides for a specific product (scientific, technical, industrial, managerial knowledge and experience) of specific exchange (goods are not the product itself, but only the right to use it), the specific presentation of the goods to the consumer (by based agreements on the right to use the object exchange). It is proved that the specific intellectual property market also appears that for efficient use of intellectual goods selling rights entails the delivery of certain machinery and equipment, the provision of commercially additional services (technical, commercial, financial, management, marketing, etc. .), without which this particular product is simply impossible to use effectively. It is shown that the present state of the world and national intellectual property market takes an extremely important task of providing scientific and technical information, knowledge, experience, government agencies, research organizations, educational institutions, industrial enterprises and innovative firms, individual investors and developers of intellectual property. The authors emphasized that this software can be both embodied and in intangible forms. Accordingly, the market of intellectual property in the article is defined as a set of technical and economic relations between developers and users of intellectual goods for sale and purchase (transfer and use) the results of intellectual innovation, having economic, scientific, technical, industrial or social value . Accelerated pace of scientific and technological progress in the world, implementing technologies of globalization and international cooperation conducive to the rapid growth of trade in the world market of intellectual and innovative technologies, increase its capacity and detail areas of operation.
Зарубіжний досвід формування потенціалу підприємства
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Шостак, Л. В.
Доведено необхідність використання зарубіжного передового досвіду формування потенціалу підприємства під час планування на вітчизняних підприємствах. Автор наводить конкретні приклади ефективності формування на іноземних підприємствах та пропонує послідовність (алгоритм) адаптації закордонних напрацювань у вітчизняній практиці. The necessity to use foreign experience for forming enterprise potential in planning processes at domestic enterprises is proven. Examples of the best foreign practices in the field are presented and the sequence (algorithm) of adapting foreign experience to domestic conditions is offered. The crisis in the national economy results in reduction of production output at the most of domestic enterprises; due to decrease of the consumer purchasing power there takes place accumulation of finished goods in warehouses as well as mass layoffs at enterprises. These factors lead to reduction of the enterprise potential. In order to develop the appropriate theoretical principles we substantiate theoretical aspects of forming domestic enterprises potential; principles and the model of its formation are singled out. For building the domestic enterprises potential, especially in times of economic uncertainty characteristic for the present state of the domestic economy, it is worth not only assess the benefits of international experience but also to determine the points that may be useful for doing domestic business. The study analyzed two types of potential, namely, employment and innovations potential. Based on this analysis the sequence of adapting foreign experience to domestic enterprises is proposed. The grounded global experience in enterprise potential building, namely the sequence of adapting the international experience to domestic enterprises will be used in further research to develop a model for determining the potential of the enterprise. Based on theoretical information and analytical data there will be created the model and the calculations will be done regarding the choice of the type of foreign experience to be chosen for adaptation.
Ґенеза тіньових економічних відносин
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Хом’як, К. А.
Здійснено аналітичний огляд літературних даних про виникнення і розвиток тіньової економіки. Визначено підходи щодо трактування поняття “тіньова економіка” з боку вітчизняних та зарубіжних науковців. Обґрунтовано поняття і сформульовано визначення тіньової економіки, розкрито умови кризових явищ під час її функціонування. Підкреслено необхідність проведення заходів детінізації в Україні. Ukraine’s economy is affected by a number of negative factors that threaten the financial, economic and national security of the country in general. One of these factors is shadow economy. At the end of the past century it was a minor secondary phenomenon but having expanded today it transformed into a key urgent problem of economic reality. An important task today is to resist such a negative phenomenon as shadow economy, which is dynamically developing, creating a number of problems for Ukraine. So, to objectively assess this phenomenon and to effectively fight with it, it is necessary to investigate the origins and the evolution of the category of “shadow economy”. Thus, research into the theoretical basis of the phenomenon is of great practical importance for counteracting it. Theoretical and methodological basis of research consists of the works of foreign and domestic scientists who highlighted the wide range of associated problems. In particular, the following are foreign experts who have been studying the phenomenon of shadow economy: K. Hart, D. Blades, P. Gutmann, A. de Soto, E. Feige, F. Schneider, J. Latova and others. Among domestic researchers working in this sphere there are Z. S. Varnaliy, I. I. Mazur, V. O. Turchynov, Ya. A. Zhalila and others. Despite a lot of research done there has not yet been formulated a unified definition of the term “shadow economy”. The purpose of this research is to perform a comprehensive analysis of the concepts of sources and development of shadow economy to get a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, to substantiate causal connections between the events of shadow economy and the official economy. The research is conducted using the historical method and the method of terminological analysis. Chronology, reasons and premises of the formation of shadow economic relations were studied. The interpretation of the definition “shadow economy” was analyzed. It was determined that approaches to studying the shadow economy are different in Ukraine and abroad. To be more detailed, Ukrainian scholars use the theoretical approach according to which the shadow economy is described as an economic category, while foreign scholars apply operational approach that explains shadow economy through its actions and measurements. Due to the absence of a common definition of the shadow economy, we propose a generalized definition, which gives a more comprehensive description of this concept. It is found that shadow economy is a complex, ambiguous and negative phenomenon that requires detailed studying. Perspectives for further research are to examine in detail reasons and factors that stimulate economic entities to resort to shadow economic actions; to develop effective methods of legitimizing the national economy.
Розвиток інвестиційної діяльності в Україні в контексті євроінтеграційних процесів
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Моторнюк, У. І.; Теребух, М. І.
Проаналізовано інвестиційну діяльність в Україні в контексті євроінтеграційних процесів, зокрема стан та основні напрями її розвитку. Обґрунтовано необхідність розроблення та реалізування інтеграційної політики в Україні. Особливу увагу звернено на формування європейської інтеграційної ідеології в системі державного управління. Проаналізовано основні чинники, що впливають на розвиток інвестиційної діяльності в Україні в контексті євроінтеграційних процесів. Узагальнено основні показники, що використовуються для оцінювання інвестиційної привабливості в контексті інтеграційних процесів. The investment activity in Ukraine in the context of European integration processes was analyzed in this article. Thesis there is determined the state and the main directions of its development. The necessity of developing and implementation of integration policy in Ukraine explained. Particular attention is paid to the formation of European integration ideology in public administration. The main factors influencing the development of investment activity in Ukraine in the context of European integration processes are analyzed in the article. Overview main indicators used for evaluation of investment attractiveness in the context of integration processes. The current integration policy dimension of the national state can be determined as a problem of formation of European integration ideology in public administration in the context of external factors as the direction of general public administration reform. In the process of integration ideology in governance is important to realize the following objectives: to identify content characteristics of the essence of historical bases of formation of Ukrainian foreign policy, explore the essence of a common EU foreign policy; identify and describe the factors that influence the formulation and implementation of foreign policy of Ukraine, to reveal the relationship between the characteristics of the formation of national identity model and content of Ukrainian national interests; to assess the role of government institutions in addressing the important foreign policy challenges in the face of increasing international influence on the political processes of the integration factor; assess the prospects for full and partial integration of Ukraine into the EU and Ukraine's contribution to European security in the context of research into the problems of the European integration process and the mechanisms of formation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU; analyzing the content of Ukrainian-European contradictions, identify the main perspectives of the constitution of Ukraine in the European democratic project to explore the potential and limiting factors of relations "Ukraine – EU". The transformation of public administration in the context of the European integration process requires systemic reforms under the criteria for EU membership and improvement of territorial organization of power in Ukraine in accordance with the principles of good governance set out in the regulations of the EU and the Council of Europe – the European Charter of Local Self-Government, the Single European Act, the Treaty about the EU. Ukraine, on the one hand, has exhausted the possibilities of market-based borrowing and live in debt, on the other – can not and does not need to support enterprises of real sector in the former scale, and under such conditions can not invest in infrastructure projects and other activities like European countries where the cost of maintaining regional development account for more than half of all allocated for these purposes amounts of money. Targeting resources external creditors only deepens debt bondage, out of which would be extremely burdensome. We'll have to raise the level of fiscal capacity by those sectors that can operate successfully, which means the slowdown of economic growth.
Розвиток готельного господарства у ринкових умовах
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Романів, О. Я.; Трусова, Т. С.; Бричка, Р. П.
Розглянуто теоретико-методологічні засади розвитку готельного господарства Рівненської області, які ґрунтуються на методі конкурентних переваг. На основі індексу концентрації, індексів Херфіндаля–Хіршмана та Холла–Тайдмана було підтверджено висновки про невисоку конкуренцію в галузі та помірно концентрований ринок. За методикою набору конкурентноспроможних елементів було визначено рейтинг готелів за окремими індикаторами і побудовано конкурентну карту ринку послуг готельного господарства Рівненської області. The article considers theoretical and methodological fundamentals of hospitality industry development in Rivne region based on the method of competitive advantages, specifics of a hotel service and peculiarities of hospitality industry functioning in the structure of tourism industry as a whole, on modern tendencies of hospitality business in the world, which due to their globalising character find specific realization in the formation of hospitality service market in Rivne. Based on the review of the existing methodical approaches to management it is justified that effective management in a transformation economy is impossible without constant monitoring of the situation prevailing in the target market segment for the hospitality company, and without prediction of possible actions of competitors and evaluation of the company’s own competitive position. The main trends in the hotel industry of Rivne region have negative nature: the number of accommodation facilities as well as hotels availability is decreasing. The index of concentration, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the Tideman-Hall index are used to confirm the findings about low competition in the industry, and moderately concentrated market. The hotel rating by individual indicators is determined and the market competition map for the hotel industry of Rivne region is constructed using the method of a set of competitive elements. The article presents the analysis of modern tendencies in hospitality industry of Rivne region. It is advisable to use the experience of not only domestic but also foreign scientists. It is essential to create new strategies with the account of the position of the hotel in the market and to improve the quality of the hotel services.
Забезпечення розвитку експорту високотехнологічних товарів в умовах зміни векторів зовнішньої торгівлі
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Квач, Я. П.; Коваль, В. В.; Циналєвська, І. А.
Розглянуто проблему забезпечення розвитку експортної діяльності, перш за все, високотехнологічних товарів, в умовах зміни векторів зовнішньої торгівлі. В межах дослідження проаналізовано структуру експорту України для визначення ступеня технологічності основних товарних позицій експорту. Проаналізовано також зарубіжний досвід застосування інструментів підтримки та стимулювання експортної діяльності. В умовах необхідності переорієнтації зовнішніх торговельних зв’язків вітчизняних товаровиробників наведено практичні рекомендації щодо підтримки експортної діяльності національних виробників високотехнологічної продукції. The article examines the problem of the development of exports in the context of changing direction of foreign trade in particular a special attention was paid to support's mechanisms of high-tech product's exports.. Indicators of Ukraine's foreign trade dynamics demonstrate a low effectiveness of the state export policy. The analysis of the commodity structure of Ukraine's exports indicates the raw material orientation of national economy in the system of international division of trade flows. The high-tech products export's value denotes a current low level of technological effectiveness of industrial production. The problem of inefficient export's structure is actualized by the fact that opportunities for manufacturing high-tech products in Ukraine are available, but at present, because of a number of reasons, not implemented. The crisis of modern foreign policy stipulates an acute fluctuations in the foreign trade especially in export of those commodity positions, which belonged to high-tech category, which include such commodity groups as “Aircraft and spacecraft”, “Computer and office equipment” “Electronics communications”, “Pharmaceutical products”, “Scientific instruments”, “ Electrical machinery equipment and their parts “, “Chemicals”, “Non-electrical machinery” and “Arms”. Closing the Russian market for such commodity groups as nonelectrical equipment and aerospace equipment, for which the Russian direction of export reached about 60% of the total, put the production of innovative goods on the brink of survival. Under these conditions the need for sales markets’ reorientation is a prerequisite the preservation and development of national innovation system, given the fact that the production of high-tech products for the domestic market remains unclaimed. Therefore, efforts for diversification of geography of deliveries of Ukrainian high-tech industrial commodities put on the agenda an application of development tools for export activity support in the development and implementation of effective mechanisms for supporting of national exporters when entering foreign markets. The experience of many developed countries, which have succeeded in raising of finished products export, demonstrates a crucial role in these achievements of effective system of state exports support. A cornerstone of the export support system is a mechanism of the financial support; the main instruments are mainly related to improving the efficiency of national export's credit system that is achieved through the strengthening of specialized financial institutions – Export Credit Agency (ECA). Due to the financial support of ECA national companies have the opportunity to receive state-warranty insurance and credit support as well as bank loans for longer periods and more favourable terms. In Ukraine, because of the lack state policy concerning development of infrastructural environment of export activity precisely in terms of the application of instruments of the financial sector, access to domestic exporters to credit funds is extremely difficult. This applies both a provision of investment resources for the modernization of the fixed assets and short-term lending to cover working capital needs. In our opinion, the development of export insurance and crediting via creation of such institutions as national export credit agency is able to provide a way out of crisis of foreign trade for Ukraine since the problem of access to foreign markets, primarily concerning shortage of working capital available for businesses and, at least, lack of investment resources to purchase new equipment and intangible assets. The validity of such a proposal supported by the fact that the creation of such an organization is not against the rules of the World Trade Organization and allowing largely to protect the financial position of domestic producers.
Термінологічний апарат регіонального саморозвитку
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Іванова О. Ю.
Розглянуто теоретичні аспекти регіонального саморозвитку. Обґрунтовано систему термінів саморозвитку регіонів: саморозвиток, самодостатність, самозабезпеченість, самостійність, автономність, незалежність, самовідтворення, федералізм та федералізація, децентралізація. Визначено характерні ознаки термінів, що дало змогу обґрунтувати доцільність їх застосування для регіонального саморозвитку в умовах реанімаційних реформ в Україні. Уточнено визначення “самодостатність регіонального розвитку” та “потенціал саморозвитку регіону”. Потенціал регіону з погляду спрямованості на саморозвиток слід розглядати з двох позицій: як базовий та як акумулювальний. The article is devoted to the theoretical aspects of the regional self-development. A purpose of an article is a disclosure of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of regions’ self-development, the definition of the relationships and dependencies of these terms, and the appropriateness of their use in terms of transformations in Ukraine. The system of regions’ self-development terms, such as: self-development, self-sufficiency, self-reliance, independence, autonomy, independence, self-reproduction, federalism and federalization, decentralization are grounded. The characteristic signs of the terms are determined. that allowed to prove their application to the regional self-development in the conditions of intensive care reform in Ukraine. The definitions of “self-sufficiency of regional development” and “self-development capacity of the region“are clarified. The potential of the region, in terms of the focus on self-development, should be considered from two perspectives: basic and accumulative. It was determined that the decentralization in the context of regional development supports solving the following objectives: the reduction and elimination of the negative impact of state intervention in regional development; creating favorable conditions for selfdevelopment and self-sufficiency of the regions in Ukraine by reducing state regulation in order to increase their competitiveness; provision of legal framework to increase the independence of local governments to achieve regions’ self-development on the basis of maximizing the efficiency of their potential; institutional strengthening of interaction and motivational factors of socio-economic development of regions; creating incentives to improve the financial sustainability of regions by increasing the role of regional authorities in socioeconomic development of the regions; reduction of corruption risks in the redistribution of budget funds and others. Analysis of the terminological apparatus of regional development allowed to justify the conditions of regions’ self-sufficiency formation on the basis of the principles of fiscal federalism. The definition of “the potential of self-development of the region” is clarified. According to this it is an opportunity, the ability and motivation of the region to the accumulation and effective use of natural, human, financial and other resources for long-term socio-economic development based on self-reliance and self-organization, to meet the needs of the population and to combine national and regional interests. Based on this, in terms of the focus on selfdevelopment, the potential of the region should be viewed from two perspectives: basic and accumulative. It is proved that the formation and use of the storage capacities creates conditions for the safety and increase in efficiency of the basic potential use. The subject of further research is the creation of conditions for development of the regions, which aims to mobilize its own resources and opportunities that will enhance their competitiveness, the formation of competitive advantages and strengthen the competitive position.
Трансфер технологій і формування інноваційної стратегії в промисловій галузі української економіки
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Жуков, С. А.
Визначено значення трансферу технологій для реалізації інноваційних процесів у промисловості України. Встановлено важливість державної підтримки та регулювання трансферу технологій. Обґрунтовано, що перспективним товаром на світових ринках є і буде високотехнологічна промислова продукція. Проаналізовано проблеми побудови ефективної національної інноваційної системи України. На основі оцінювання стратегій інерційно-ринкової та інноваційного прориву, запропоновано механізм реалізації іннова- ційної стратегії у промисловій галузі України. Perspective direction of world trade is a high-tech industrial product. Among the Ukrainian industrial production is the production of competitive high-tech industry. For such products primarily relates Production of military-industrial complex and dual-use products. To develop these products, it is necessary to build an effective national innovation system in Ukraine. Part of the innovation system should be a system of technology transfer. The object of this article is to study economics and innovative processes that accompany it. Technology transfer is the direction of forming innovative type of economy, it is a tool for innovative development of enterprises, industries and countries. Technology transfer contributes to the modernization and expansion of production, new products and additional revenue. Unlike other countries, in Ukraine this process is still at infancy and requires detailed study. Thus, the problem in the communication technology is a new phenomenon in various fields of Ukraine and is relevant area of research. In addition, an important element in building innovative type of economy is to develop innovative strategies in the industrial sector. The article summarizes the importance of technology transfer to industry of Ukraine and the role of government support and regulation system of the process. Proved, that the prospects for the development of domestic military-industrial complex should be considered in unity with the development of dual-use technologies. Established that there are two versions mechanism for implementing the strategy for socio-economic and technological development of innovation and Ukraine – is inertia-market strategy and the strategy of innovative breakthrough. Advantages and disadvantages of the main provisions of each of these strategies have been evaluated by the author. The consequence of inertial-market strategy will be low economic growth and the degradation of the economic structure, curtailment of research and innovation potential. To implement this strategy by using the prediction that formed the government program. However, the forecast for the practice does not provide the acceleration in economic growth; innovation and modernization of fixed assets increase the competitiveness of industrial products. Advantages strategy of innovative breakthrough is obvious and the author is given preference implement the strategy of innovative breakthrough in the industrial sector of Ukraine. This is a mechanism to improve the functioning of the national innovation system. Based on the research done by the following conclusions: 1) given the poor state of fixed assets industry Ukraine, improving innovation processes is only possible revitalization on the creation and transfer (transfer) technology at both the company and at the industry and the country; 2) in Ukraine technology transfer and innovation in high-tech industry is controlled by the state; 3) Production of military-industrial complex and dual-use products is and will be the basis for constructing an effective national innovation system in Ukraine, which will be based on a system of technology transfer; 4) The strategy of innovative breakthrough is a promising way out of the industrial sector of Ukraine crisis and building on its base of innovative modern competitive economy in the world. Thus, the basis of the innovation system in Ukraine is technology transfer and innovative breakthrough strategy. This suggests the need for further research in this direction. Yes, need additional study of the issue of resource support system technology transfer strategy of innovative breakthrough, the formation of the national innovation system as in the industrial sector of Ukraine, and in the economic system as a whole.
Міграційні процеси в контексті асоціації України та Європейського Союзу
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Горбаль, Н. І; Бобиляк, І. І.; Мельник, І. Г.
Розглянуто сутність, особливості розвитку міжнародного ринку праці, досліджено тенденції світових міграційних процесів. Проаналізовано міграційні процеси в Україні, досліджено сутність та сучасний стан трудової міграції в Україні, зокрема динаміку еміграції та імміграції в умовах євроінтеграційних процесів. Проаналізовано особливості міграції українців, зокрема до країн ЄС, у сучасних економічних і політичних умовах. Вивчено особливості впливу асоціації України та Європейського Союзу на міграційні процеси ти сформовано прогноз щодо динаміки кількості емігрантів до країн Євросоюзу. In the article the essence, specifics of the development of the international labor market and international migration trends are studied. An analysis of migration processes in Ukraine, the essence and the current state of labor migration in Ukraine, the dynamics of emigration and immigration, particularly in terms of European integration processes are provided. The features of Ukrainian migration, especially to the EU, in the current economic and political conditions, are described. The influence of the association of Ukraine and the EU on migration is analyzed and forecasts of dynamics of the number of immigrants to the EU are formed. Today migration covers the vast majority of the world. Intensive movement of labor is going on among states in Europe, North and South America, the African continent, South East and West Asia. Among the most important world centers that define modern trends of international labor migration are the following: North and South American region, Western Region, South East and West Asia, Africa. In the last period around 20 million people have moved from country to country. International labor market – is the sphere of exchange, purchase and sale of labor power, the nature of which is largely determined by the interests of the world economy, forming the conditions of international employment. The variety of conditions of world economy and world community form highly differentiated workforce. The main trends of modern international labor market are the following: − international labor market is shrinking because of the influx of workers from Eastern Europe and the former USSR; − penetration of entry barriers for international labor market has increased; − competition among sellers of labor has intensified; − migrants discrimination continues to exist; − there are active trade unions seeking to defend the interests of the domestic workforce. As for Ukraine, the large cross-border emigration flows have characterized it for years. However, the causes of migration are gradually changing. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the mid-1990s and 2000s ethnic factors mainly determined migration. The main factors that pushed people to migrate were poverty and unemployment. According to recent surveys 1,2–2,0 mln. Ukrainians work abroad. Today Ukraine in the international markets mainly acts as a state – exporter of labor, although there is a tendency to increase the number of foreigners working in Ukraine. Their number is about 10 times less than the number of Ukrainians working abroad. Migration flows are directed mainly to the neighboring countries – Russia (43 %), Poland (14 %), Czech Republic (13 %), and to countries with more attractive conditions – Italy (13 %), Spain (5 %), and Germany (2 %). Assessment of a possible increase in the flow of migration after visa liberalization is an important issue for Ukraine and the EU. On one hand, further “brain drain” and inappropriate use of knowledge and depletion of the workforce are undesirable potential tendencies for Ukraine. On the other hand, the number of Ukrainian highly educated workers in the EU will increase the pressure on their labor markets, which is already high. The problem of employment in Ukraine can not be addressed in isolation from the global processes on the labor market. The entry of Ukraine into the world market could mitigate the impact of unemployment in it, and exchange of human resources between Ukraine and other countries can be an effective way of lifting the country to the level of the most developed countries. However, joining the global labor market needs to overcome a kind of “entry barrier” to make Ukrainian workers competitive in the global labor market. But it will have to form a full labor market within the country itself, which will provide the necessary labor mobility. It should be tailored to suit effects of European integration processes in Ukraine.
Вища освіта України: траєкторія підвищення її якості
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Гаращук, О. В.; Куценко, В. І.
Розглянуто стан вищої освіти в Україні, її місце і роль у розвитку інноваційної економіки та суспільства, обґрунтовано необхідність підвищення якості освіти загалом і вищої зокрема. Згруповано виші за шанхайським рейтингом. Наведено шляхи підвищення якості вищої освіти в Україні, що сприятиме її наближенню до вимог зазначеного рейтингу, а саме: необхідність її модернізації, насамперед завдяки оновленню метеріально-технічної бази, нарощуванню та раціональному використанню інтелектуального потенціалу тощо. The article is devoted to the topical issues related to the need to achieve high quality education and, above all higher, which would provide training of professionals. This task is extremely important, because it is the quality of the training and motivation to the profession ultimately depend on the pace of socio-economic development in accordance with the requirements of the XXI century. Therefore, the aim of the article is to reveal the trajectory of development of Ukrainian higher education, which would provide it access to the highest world level, which was to be reflected in the respective world rankings. One of the most common educational ratings is Shanghai ranking. The article presents the group of higher education institutions in the world within the first thirty places specified rating. Also, given the characteristics of the activities of higher education institutions, which provide them with entry into this rating. First of all, these characteristics relate to the quality of training of the teaching staff and graduates. Therefore, it states that one of the basic problems that can not talk about hit the Ukrainian higher educational institutions in the rankings is the disparity of standards of international and domestic educational and occupational classifications. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the existing experience in the world of advanced higher education institutions, one of which is Stanford University; in particular, its conversion to the entrepreneurial university is noted in the article. Later in the article notes the existence of correlation between the proportion of employed among workers with higher education and productivity in the economy. Also notes the importance for achieving high quality education necessary logistical support of educational institutions, including lower educational links. In this regard, it notes is taking place in Ukraine, a tendency to reduce the network of secondary and higher educational institutions. It is noted that while it is impossible to prevent the deterioration in the availability of education. At the same time as a reduction in the negative trend observed in Ukraine, the share of the population engaged in scientific activity, which consequently results in a significant decrease also the introduction of new technological processes in the industry. This comes at a time when the world is an important characteristic of the advanced countries, which have embarked on the innovative path of development is precisely the increase in scientific inventive activity and rapid implementation of its results in practice. Nonconforming needs of innovative development and the labor market is the structure of training in Ukraine. At the same time there is a decline in the quality of training. So often there is a tendency opposite to the global trend, where the unemployment rate among professionals with higher education is lower than for other categories of employees. An important aspect in this is the consistency of the labor market and higher education, to achieve interaction of the labor market and educational services. The article presents the main directions of the implementation of this interaction. A certain improvement over the solutions to these problems are expected in connection with the implementation of the National Doctrine of Education Development, which defines the relevant key priorities, resulting in the article. Required for implementation is proposed to find the financial support, including through the introduction of a franchise that, as international experience shows, can quickly expand markets without attracting additional resources for this purpose. Significant place in the article devoted to the experience of those countries where higher education according to the Shanghai ranking is the leading places. In particular, the educational systems of the United States, Finland and Singapore. It is noted the importance of the social and state mechanisms aimed at promoting education and its quality, which should (including in the form of social partnership) and implemented in Ukraine.
Сучасний стан розвитку підприємств лісового господарства України
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Волинець, І. Г.
Проаналізовано та оцінено сучасний стан розвитку підприємств лісового госпо- дарства України. Охарактеризовано лісовий фонд, наведено пріоритетні напрями та стратегічні завдання розвитку лісогосподарських підприємств. Проаналізовано основні показники ведення лісового господарства та фінансово-господарські показники підпри- ємств лісового господарства. Підкреслено, що сучасний стан лісів та лісового господарства України свідчить про гостру необхідність розроблення нових основ лісокористування, які б враховували необхідність різнопланового і цільового використання лісів, підвищення їх стійкості та посилення еколого-захисних функцій, а також активного впровадження міжнародних принципів сталого управління лісами. The current conditions of market economy are characterized by high degree of instability and uncertainty of the external business environment, by the increasing effect of its factors on the economy and management of an industrial enterprise. Modern development of innovative technologies, appearance of innovative commodities and markets, sharp fluctuations of market demand and market conditions, changes in government regulations of the economy complicate the task of modern industrial production organization and development. In such conditions the problem of searching the ways of developing forestry enterprises requires an urgent solution. To effectively solve the problem it is necessary to analyze the forestry enterprises economic activities and to determine activities directions that will help to attain enterprises’ sustainable development. The forestry complex occupies a comparatively insignificant place in the industrial production of Ukraine, but has a strategic value for the national economy as it embraces all the processes related to recreation and use of the country’s strategic resource – that of forest. It is proven in the article that social, environmental and economic development of the country largely depends on the efficiency of forestry enterprises economic activities. Priority directions of these enterprises development are determined as follows: forestation and reforestation, improvement of quality composition of forests, defence and protection of forests, felling trees related to forestry economic activities, logging, hunting economy, wood processing, and development of forest infrastructure. The main indicators analysis of forestry economy in 2010-2014 shows stability in forestry enterprises operation. Research results showed the sharp necessity of developing new regulations of forest management that would take into account the necessity of versatile and targeted use of forests, increasing their sustainability and strengthening their environmental protective functions as well as introducing international principles of sustainable forest management. Market regulating, satisfying the real demand for commercial timber and products of forestry in case of complete and effective use of the county’s own raw materials, and entering foreign markets are impossible without a fundamental change in the economic structure as a whole and restructuring of production. This must ensure production of competitive products, their compliance with export requirements, creation of favourable investment climate and conditions for changing forms of ownership. So, there is a necessity to search for adequate approaches to structural transformations and innovative elements of structural policy in the forestry industry.
Проблеми валютного регулювання в Україні
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Віблий, П. І.; Горбова, Х. В.; Федак, Б. А.
Розглянуто основні проблеми валютного регулювання в Україні, а також проаналізовано відносини, що виникають під час валютного регулювання, доцільність використання певних форм та інструментів валютної політики задля покращення ситуації в країні. Наведено основні напрямки покращення ситуації на валютному ринку, а саме: розроблення гнучких правил роботи для учасників валютного ринку, використання міжнародного досвіду тощо. In a globalized world financial markets and integrating them in Ukraine is urgent development of an effective monetary policy. Application forms and instruments of monetary policy is of particular importance in acute crisis. In this regard, there is a possibility of the effective capacity of the country to more successful integration into the world community. To do this, based on analysis of domestic and foreign sources of problems for the functioning of the currency market in Ukraine is proposed to develop a clearly thought-out system of currency regulation, which will allow in the future to take a more advantageous position and effectively implement national interests. The article focuses on the major issues of currency regulation in Ukraine, as well as the analysis of relations arising in foreign exchange regulation, analyzed the feasibility of using certain forms and instruments of monetary policy to improve the situation. Means of currency regulation aimed at determining the principles of domestic and foreign currency policy and the formation and development of the domestic currency market of Ukraine, which is formed through relationships with key partners on economic cooperation, EU countries and the USA. Rate of exchange data States against the hryvnia is quite unstable. At the time of deployment of the global financial crisis Ukraine had not been able to resist the destructive effects of political and economic external and internal events. In order to minimize foreign currency deficit and reduce the downward pressure on the national currency, the National Bank conducted active foreign exchange intervention by selling US dollars. The situation sudden changes in exchange rates have a negative impact on the economy, and for Ukraine, over the years, changes in exchange rates give only negative results. This situation can be resolved only through effective conduct of monetary policy, namely the country needs to move to inflation targeting monetary regime, which for the past 20 years gained high popularity, which is probably due to the fact that it has proved its effectiveness in many countries. Thus, in Eastern Europe, the number of countries that use inflation targeting regime is increasing every year. In Ukraine, the currency used outdated regulations that exist throughout the country has not produced any effective results. For the successful implementation of inflation targeting required drastic changes in macroeconomic and structural policies, improvement of national statistics, the reform of the banking system and domestic financial markets. To improve international relations Ukraine need as much as possible to participate in the international movement of capital by attracting foreign loans. Development of international loans associated with increased globalization processes. Growth rates of international loans several times higher than the rate of growth and foreign trade. In recent years, Ukraine is almost in the international currency markets. One of the main causes of the situation in the country is weak national economy. In such a situation NBU had to strictly control the hryvnia, because unlike most restrictions on trade in the national currency, which is currently applied, directly or indirectly, may have a negative impact on its stability.
Проблеми радіаційної безпеки авіапасажирів та членів екіпажів повітряних суден та підходи до соціально-економічних, інноваційних та правових напрямків їх вирішення
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Баран, Р. Т.
Розглянуто проблеми радіаційної безпеки авіапасажирів і членів екіпажів повітряних суден (ПС), оскільки вони не стали поки що предметом наукових досліджень серед тих, хто вивчає інноваційні підходи в управлінні базовими галузями економіки країни. На ці проблеми не звертають уваги ні авіапромисловці, ні авіаперевізники, що не сприяє розвитку літакобудування і розширенню авіатранспортних послуг (АТП). Відсутність у літаках вітчизняного виробництва захисних екранів від природного опромінення (ПО) гальмує інтенсифікацію їх використання на ринках світової авіатранспортної системи, не забезпечується економічна ефективність та конкурентоздатність. Запропоновано можливі підходи до вирішення цих проблем та зменшення негативного впливу ПО на споживачів АТП. Problems of radiation safety of passengers and crew of aircraft, because they have not become a subject of research as yet and have not spread among those who are exploring innovative approaches in the management of basic sectors of the economy, are investigated in this article. No attention is paid to them, neither by aviation industry nor by air carriers, does this not favor the development of aircraft construction and the expansion of air transport services (ATS). The lack of protective screens against natural radiation (NR) in aircrafts inhibits the intensification of their use in the markets of the world air transport system. Therefore, there is no economic effectiveness and competitiveness. Possible approaches to solving these problems and reduction of the negative impact of natural irradiation on consumers of ATS are suggested. Description of the object of the investigation. The problems of air transport industry and the whole transport complex in Ukraine consist in their reformation with the goal of their continuous development. And, from each point of view, these measures for development of air transport as infrastructure should be undertaken on innovative basis. For the purpose of competitiveness of operators of airplanes on external air transport markets, namely national aircraft manufacturers and companies, principles of environmental safety acquire the greatest importance. The results of research on innovative approaches to competitiveness and increase of economic efficiency as well as environmental safety of the national system of aircraft industry and air transport (airlines) are presented in this article. The relevance of the work. The article, is extremely relevant, since it offers the main approaches to the definition of socio-economic efficiency as well as the means of improvement of consumer qualities of Ukrainian aircraft with the aim of their design, manufacturing, sales and offer (transportation opportunities) in the markets of air transportation services in the world. Recently, the development of the aircraft Antonov family (An-140 up to An-178) continues. Therefore, in this the article the author's suggestions consist in design of, figuratively speaking, screens against the natural irradiation. This problem is especially relevant in air travels (flights) at the altitude of cruiser echelons. Thus, the complex security observation, ecology, and expansion of the concept of “aviation security” as well as, the increase in competitiveness and efficiency of air transport on this basis make up a scientific novelty of the article. The results consist in the fact that the author from the point of view of the aircraft operator examined the organization, design, production for the operation of the air transport market segments of distant end height routs as just for the subjects of Ukrainian air transport. Then they will be operated safely for the users and commercially effectively as made in Ukraine aircraft. And this is the urgent need in scientific – practical elaboration and decision of this problem. Value the conducted research and, specifically, its results consist in the statement of conclusions which can be used in practice of state regulation in air transport; legislative regulation of issues of ecological safety both of passengers and crews are elaborated. It is stated that in this case there are possibilities to increase efficiency, ecological safety, and competitiveness of the national air transportation system.
Розвиток інноваційної і сталої інфраструктури: досвід Європейського Союзу
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Яншина, А. М.
Проаналізовано сучасні наукові підходи до дослідження проблем створення інноваційної інфраструктури у країнах світу у контексті сталого зростання як найсуттєвішого аттрактора розвитку міжнародної економіки. Розкрито ключові тенденції й особливості формування інноваційної і сталої інфраструктури на наднаціональному і національному рівнях у межах Європейського союзу. Запропоновано рекомендації щодо формування інноваційної і сталої інфраструктури в Україні в умовах її інтеграції до Європейського союзу. A drastic deterioration in environmental performance of developed countries as well as emerging markets triggered off by devastating resource usage, environmentally and socially intolerant economic behavior has turned national-level goal of greening and socializing economic growth into a worldwide challenge of utmost importance. Innovative and sustainable infrastructure plays a pivotal role in the sustainable development concept implementation at all levels. In the article academic approaches to the innovative infrastructure are examined in the light of sustainable development as a key world economy attractor. The author investigates latest trends and features of the EU infrastructure modernization. The infrastructure performance of the EU Member-States has been rather strong and innovative of late but not permanently sustainable. Thus amongst many terms used to outline a final and expected result of infrastructure renovation – sustainable, innovative, green infrastructure – the last one aimed at ensuring eco-friendly economic effects as well as non-environmental benefits is supposed to be the most applicable to the modern EU context. Green infrastructure goals have been incorporated into all main supranational policy frameworks of the European Union since Green Infrastructure Strategy «Green Infrastructure – Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital» was adopted in May 2013. To meet decarbonization challenges and integrate new Member-States into intra-EU economic affairs the European Union prioritize greening energy and transport infrastructure. Active civil society dialogue on green infrastructure issues is ensured by a variety of NGOs represented at all EU levels and via a number of on-line platforms. France, Germany, Austria, Belgium and Finland are the EU leaders in terms of innovative infrastructure. However the world economic crisis has negatively impacted the infrastructure financing. After the World War II the public sector was a key investor in infrastructure across Europe. Nowadays public sector investments in infrastructure have dropped, the total number of public-private projects is low as well.
Дослідження інноваційного розвитку промислових підприємств Львівщини
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Цогла, О. О.
Розглянуто та опрацьовано ситуацію щодо інноваційного розвитку підприємств Львівського регіону. Проведено аналіз інноваційного розвитку промислових підприємств Львова та області. Визначено фактори, які впливають на інноваційне становище, що склалося за останні роки в економіці регіону. Підкреслено, що основними чинниками, що гальмують ведення бізнесу в сфері інноваційної діяльності, є нестабільність державної політики, податкова політика і податкові ставки. The innovative development of enterprises in Lviv region is studied and reviewed in the article. The analysis of innovative development of industrial enterprises in Lviv region is done. The factors influencing the innovative situation that has arisen in recent years in the region's economy are identified. The situation that has developed in recent years in Ukraine's economy is determined by the inefficiency of the conducted economic reforms, imperfection of tax system, the negative impact of state regulation on the activities of economic entities. However, fundamental factors of economic growth are resources and innovation. But, as in recent decades the problem of resource provision has aggravated, the current market environment requires the intensification of innovative activity. Competitiveness of Lviv region depends on the ability to introduce innovations, modernize production and technological processes adjusting to changing environmental conditions. However, during the analysis of the innovative activity of Lviv industrial enterprises it was found that innovative measures were taken only by 16.4% of all the industrial companies in the region, and the volumes of sales of innovative products are only 3% of total industrial output. It was revealed that were no financial support for innovation at the expense of foreign investors and the state in 2014; the main source of financing innovations was own funds of enterprises that decreased in recent years; financing from the local budgets is insufficient. In the region, as well as in the whole country, there is no venture financing, that is why the reduction of innovation efficiency is a long-term trend. The limited amount, and sometimes even absence of innovations funding from the state budget, lack of economic incentives to attract investment resources in innovations processes, uncertainty of institutional environment for the development of innovations infrastructure (technology parks, technopolises, technology transfer centers etc.) cause deterioration of the innovations conditions of the regions and encourage independence and self-financing of business activities.
Інвестиційно-інноваційне забезпечення модернізації основного капіталу
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Ткач, С. М.
На основі аналізу динаміки інвестування в Україні встановлено ключові тенденції та проблемні питання інвестиційного забезпечення модернізації основного капіталу. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз інноваційної діяльності в Україні та країнах ЄС. Визначено ключові напрями інвестування модернізації основного капіталу з врахуванням інноваційного аспекту і запропоновано заходи для збільшення обсягів інвестування за цими напрямами. The growth ensurement of an economy is not possible without proper technical and technological base. A problem of tendentious increase of depreciation of fixed assets and a low level of its renewal exists in Ukraine. Accordingly, an important issue is the research of investment-innovative approach to modernization of fixed assets. The article aims to identify the key issues of investment-innovative ensurement of modernization of fixed assets and substantiate the directions and measures of their solution. In the research used general scientific and special methods: analysis and synthesis, economic and statistical, structural and factor analysis, dialectic, formal and systemic and structural, graphics. On the basis of analysis of dynamics of development of investment activity for the last five years was identify the basic problems of the investment providing of modernization in Ukraine: deficit of volumes of investments for maintenance of the fixed assets in the proper technical and technological state; reduction of investing is from outsourcing of financing; inefficient distribution of capital investments is after kinds and directions of assets with prevailing of investing of passive part of the fixed assets; subzero innovative activity of enterprises. In Ukraine in the types of economic activity, those are basis of IV-V of the technological models, the insignificant volumes of investments were attracted relatively. Innovative activity in industry carried on in over three times in percent correlation less enterprise, than in the countries of EU. Among directions of bringing in of investments acquisition of machines, equipment and software prevails in an innovation. On the basis of the educed problems the key trends of investing of modernization of the fixed assets are certain taking into account an innovative aspect and events offer for the increase of volumes of investing after these directions. For the increase of volumes of investing it is necessary: to extend the sourcing of investments, in particular to stimulate development of the venture investing; to put right close cooperation between the state, scientific establishments and enterprises; to carry out advancement of investment potential of productive sphere. Realization of these tasks is possible by means of acceptance of such measures : to work out the government program of stimulation of innovative activity and programs of support of small innovative active enterprises, in regions to create innovative clusters on the basis of academic and educational establishments, to the enterprises effectively to use possibilities of collaboration of Ukraine from EU through participating in international under backs, competitions, projects, to develop innovative strategy put right close cooperation between the participants of market for the sake of distribution of risks and cost cutting in the process of realization innovative activity.
Інститути та інновації: проблеми та механізми взаємодії
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Тимошенков, І. В.; Нащекіна, О. М.
Охарактеризовано місце і роль інновацій у соціально-економічному розвитку України. Розглянуто інституційні основи інноваційного розвитку економіки. Проаналізовано напрями та форми взаємодії інститутів та інновацій. Визначено завдання вдосконалення інститутів в Україні як ключової умови та основи інноваційного розвитку країни. The goal of this paper is to substantiate theoretical and methodological principles and practical tasks for the improvement and advancement of the system of societal institutions in the context of ensuring the innovative development of Ukraine. Based on this goal, the following research tasks were formulated: to identify and characterize the place and role of innovations in the social and economic development of a country; to analyze directions and forms of interactions between institutions and innovations; to identify institutional foundations for innovative development of a society. Conceptual unity of the study was ensured due to using both general and specific methods of research, including statistical sampling methods, conjoint analysis, content-analysis. Under the conditions of deepening globalization and intensifying international competition, national innovation systems have transformed from a mainly internal factor of economic development to one of the most important determinants of international competitiveness of countries and a factor ensuring the strength of national security systems. It is widely accepted in modern mainstream economic science, as well as in the society as a whole, that to solve their problems related to innovative development, both developing countries and transition economies must adopt institutional models which have proved to be successful in economically developed foreign countries, and first of all in those that occupy the top positions in global rankings of the world’s most innovative countries (Switzerland, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, USA, Singapore, Denmark, Luxembourg, Hong Kong). However, as global historical experience shows, the forms of innovations, directions of innovative development and evaluations of innovation implementation results are always determined by specific historical, cultural and institutional conditions created by a specific society, which can promote or impede innovative development. That is why, when declaring the improvement of the national innovation system as a strategic direction of the development of Ukraine, one should take into account that, on the one hand, the creation and implementation of an effective national strategy of the innovative development require a profound rethinking of global historical experience through studies of meaning, place and role of innovations in the social-economic and cultural development of the society. On the other hand, it would be largely erroneous to borrow (or even worse to blindly copy) specific institutional models of a national innovation system and mechanisms of its functioning, which have proved to be progressive and effective in other countries under specific historical conditions of their development. The practical adoption in Ukraine of imported from outside institutions supporting innovative development, which are common and work well in other countries, will be appropriate and worthwhile under the following conditions: first, if the feasibility and effectiveness of their adjustment to general cultural, socio-economic and institutional conditions in Ukraine can be proved; second, if prior to their adoption, a systematic evaluation of their advantages and possible consequences under the real life conditions for their implementation and subsequent use is made.

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