Characteristics of Fly Ash as a Composite Filler

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dc.citation.epage353
dc.citation.issue2
dc.citation.journalTitleХімія та хімічна технологія
dc.citation.spage342
dc.contributor.affiliationNational Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”
dc.contributor.affiliationTaras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
dc.contributor.authorMelnyk, Lubov
dc.contributor.authorChernyak, Lev
dc.contributor.authorSviderskyy, Valentyn
dc.contributor.authorVovchenko, Ludmyla
dc.contributor.authorYevpak, Viktoriia
dc.coverage.placenameЛьвів
dc.coverage.placenameLviv
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-02T08:42:51Z
dc.date.created2025-02-27
dc.date.issued2025-02-27
dc.description.abstractОб’єктом дослідження стали композиційні матеріали із використанням золи виносу Бурштинської та Курахівської ТЕС як наповнювачів і полімерних дисперсій Policril 590 та Latex 2012 як матриць. Визначено зв’язок складу різновидів золи виносу теплових електростанцій України з особливостями енергетичного стану поверхні дисперсних частинок наповнювача як фактора взаємодії зі зв’язуючим під час формування структури полімерних композитів. Оцінено вплив високої концентрації наповнювачів на формування порової структури та показники фізико-механічних властивостей композитів. Встановлено можливість регулювання властивостей композитів у такому діапазоні: водопоглинання 4,2–12,7 %, стираність 0,02–0,06 г/см2, залишкова деформація 0,3–1,3, модуль Юнга 0,6–49,1 МПа.
dc.description.abstractThe object of the study was composite materials using fly ash from Burshtyn and Kurakhiv TPPs as fillers and polymer dispersions Policril 590 and Latex 2012 as matrices. The relationship between the composition of the types of fly ash from Ukrainian thermal power plants and the peculiarities of the energy state of the dispersed filler particles surface as a factor of interaction with the binder in forming the polymer composite structure was determined. The effect of high concentration of fillers on the formation of the pore structure and indicators of physical and mechanical properties of composites was evaluated. The possibility of adjusting the composite properties in the following range was established: water absorption 4.2–12.7 %, abrasion 0.02–0.06 g/cm2, residual strain 0.3–1.3, Young’s modulus 0.6–49.1 MPa.
dc.format.extent342-353
dc.format.pages12
dc.identifier.citationCharacteristics of Fly Ash as a Composite Filler / Lubov Melnyk, Lev Chernyak, Valentyn Sviderskyy, Ludmyla Vovchenko, Viktoriia Yevpak // Chemistry & Chemical Technology. — Lviv : Lviv Politechnic Publishing House, 2025. — Vol 19. — No 2. — P. 342–353.
dc.identifier.citationenCharacteristics of Fly Ash as a Composite Filler / Lubov Melnyk, Lev Chernyak, Valentyn Sviderskyy, Ludmyla Vovchenko, Viktoriia Yevpak // Chemistry & Chemical Technology. — Lviv : Lviv Politechnic Publishing House, 2025. — Vol 19. — No 2. — P. 342–353.
dc.identifier.doidoi.org/10.23939/chcht19.02.342
dc.identifier.urihttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/124885
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherВидавництво Львівської політехніки
dc.publisherLviv Politechnic Publishing House
dc.relation.ispartofХімія та хімічна технологія, 2 (19), 2025
dc.relation.ispartofChemistry & Chemical Technology, 2 (19), 2025
dc.relation.references[1] Shapakidze, E.; Avaliani, M.; Nadirashvili, M.; Maisuradze, V.; Gejadze, I.; Petriashvili, T. Synthesis and Study of Properties of Geopolymer Materials Developed Using Local Natural Raw Materials and Industrial Waste. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2023, 17, 711–718. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.04.711
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dc.relation.references[9] Popov, O.; Iatsyshyn, A.; Kovach, V.; Artemchuk, V.; Kameneva, I.; Radchenko, O.; Nikolaiev, K.; Stanytsina, V.; Iatsyshyn, A.; Romanenko, Y. Effect of Power Plant Ash and Slag Disposal on the Environment and Population Health in Ukraine. J. Health Pollut. 2021, 11, 210910. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210910
dc.relation.references[10] Mironyuk, I. F.; Tatarchuk, T. R.; Vasylyeva, H. V.; Yaremiy, I. P.; Mykytyn, I. M. Morphology, Phase Composition and Radiological Properties of Fly Ash Obtained from the Burshtyn Thermal Power Plant. Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 2019, 19, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.19.2.171-178
dc.relation.references[11] DSTU B V.2.7-205:2009 Budivelni materialy. Zoly-vynosu teplovykh elektrostantsii dlia betoniv. Tekhnichni umovy.
dc.relation.references[12] Wasekar, P. A.; Kadam, P. G.; Mhaske, S. T. Effect of Cenosphere Concentration on the Mechanical, Thermal, Rheological, and Morphological Properties of Nylon 6. J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng. 2012, 11, 807–812. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2012.118070
dc.relation.references[13] Holdajeva, M. I. The structure and properties of polystyrene concrete with micro-spherical napovnjuvachem. Ph.D. Thesis, 2010.
dc.relation.references[14] Hossny Raghab, E. M. Heat-resistant lightweight concretes on composite binders with hollow ash microspheres. Ph.D. Thesis, 2005.
dc.relation.references[15] Nagaraja, S.; Anand, P. B.; H. D., Shivakumar; Ammarullah, M. I. Influence of fly ash filler on the mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour of epoxy polymer composites reinforced with pineapple leaf fibre for biomedical applications. RSC Adv. 2024, 14, 14680–14696. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra00529E
dc.relation.references[16] Kovalskyi, V. P.; Sidlak, O. S. Vykorystannia zoly vynosu TES u budivelnykh materialakh. Suchasni tekhnolohii, materialy i konstruktsii u budivnytstvi 2014, 16, 35–40. http://stmkvb.vntu.edu.ua/index.php/stmkvb/article/view/327
dc.relation.references[17] Nagaraja, S.; Anand, P. B.; Kumar, M. K.; Ammarullah, M. I. Synergistic Advances in Natural Fibre Composites: A Comprehensive Review of the Eco-Friendly Bio-Composite Development, its Characterization and Diverse Applications. RSC Adv. 2024, 14, 17594–17611. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra00149d
dc.relation.references[18] Wang, Q.; Wang, D.; Chen, H. The Role of Fly Ash Microsphere in the Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties of High-Strength Concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2017, 83, 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.07.021
dc.relation.references[19] Nguyen, D. K.; Tran, A. T. H.; Kaus, N. H. M. Preparation and Characterization of Red Mud-Based Geopolymer Composited with Rice Husk Ash for the Adsorption of Bromocresol Green in Aqueous Solution. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2023, 17, 857–869 https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.04.857
dc.relation.references[20] Brunauer, S.; Emmett, P. H.; Teller, E. Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023
dc.relation.references[21] Cheng, M.; Xie, X.; Schmitz, P.; Fillaudeau, L. Extensive Review about Industrial and Laboratory Dynamic Filtration Modules: Scientific Production, Configurations and Performances. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2021, 265, 118293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118293
dc.relation.references[22] Labajos-Broncano, L.; González-Martı́ N, M.; Bruque, J.; GonzálezGarcı́A, C. Comparison of the Use of Washburn’s Equation in the Distance – Time and Weight – Time Imbibition Techniques. J. Colloid Interface Sci 2001, 233, 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7283
dc.relation.references[23] Myronyuk, O.; Baklan, D.; Nudchenko, L. Evaluation of the Surface Energy of Dispersed Aluminium Oxide Using Оwens- Wendt Theory. Technology audit and production reserves 2020, 2, 25–27. https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2020.200756
dc.relation.references[24] Vovchenko, L.; Matzui, L.; Zhuravkov, A.; Samchuk, A. Electrical Resistivity of Compacted TEG and TEG-Fe under Compression. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2006, 67, 1168–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.01.042
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dc.relation.references[27] Xiang, W.; Hong, S.; Xue, Y.; Ma, Y. Functional Analysis of Novel alkB Genes Encoding Long-Chain n-Alkane Hydroxylases in Rhodococcus sp. Strain CH91. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061537
dc.relation.references[28] Liu, H.; Sun, Q.; Wang, B.; Wang, P.; Zou, J. Morphology and Composition of Microspheres in Fly Ash from the Luohuang Power Plant, Chongqing, Southwestern China. Minerals 2016, 6, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6020030
dc.relation.references[29] Myronyuk, I. F.; Mandzyuk, V. I.; Sachko, V. M.; Gun’ko, V. M. Structural Features of Carbons Produced Using Glucose, Lactose, and Saccharose. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2016, 11, 508. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1723-z
dc.relation.references[30] Khlopytskyi, O. O. Stan, problemy ta perspektyvy pererobky zoloshlakovykh vidkhodiv teploelektrostantsii Ukrainy. ScienceRise 2014, 4, 23–28. https://doi.org/10.15587/2313-8416.2014.28511
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dc.relation.references[32] Fischer, E. J.; Cuccato, D.; Storti, G.; Morbidelli, M. Effect of the Charge Interactions on the Composition Behavior of Acrylamide/Acrylic Acid Copolymerization in Aqueous Medium. Eur. Polym. J. 2018, 98, 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.022
dc.relation.references[33] Crompton, T. R. Practical Polymer Analysis; Springer US: Boston, MA, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2874-6
dc.relation.references[34] Guo, T.; Song, J.; Jin, Y.; Sun, Z.; Li, L. Thermally Stable and Green Cellulose-Based Composites Strengthened by Styrene-co- Acrylate Latex for Lithium-Ion Battery Separators. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 206, 801–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.025
dc.relation.references[35] Skachkov, V. O.; Berezhna, O. R.; Belokon, Yu. O. High- temperature composite materials based on carbon and ceramics: monograph; ZGIA: Zaporizhia, 2016.
dc.relation.referencesen[1] Shapakidze, E.; Avaliani, M.; Nadirashvili, M.; Maisuradze, V.; Gejadze, I.; Petriashvili, T. Synthesis and Study of Properties of Geopolymer Materials Developed Using Local Natural Raw Materials and Industrial Waste. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2023, 17, 711–718. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.04.711
dc.relation.referencesen[2] Kabat, O.; Sytar, V.; Derkach, O.; Sukhyy, K. Polymeric Composite Materials of Tribotechnical Purpose With a High Level of Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2021, 15, 543–550. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht15.04.543
dc.relation.referencesen[3] Stasevych, M.; Zvarych, V.; Dronik, M.; Sozanskyi, M.; Khomyak, S. Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffractometry for Assessment of the Qualitative Composition of Components in a Pharmaceutical Formulation. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2023, 17, 510–517 https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.03.510
dc.relation.referencesen[4] Haluschak, M. O.; Ralchenko, V. G.; Tkachuk, A. I.; Freik, D. M. Methods of Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Bulk Solids and Thin Films (Review). Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 2013, 14, 317-344. http://page.if.ua/uploads/pcss/vol14/anote1402.htm
dc.relation.referencesen[5] Demchenko, V.; Simyachko, O.; Svidersky, V. Research of Mineralogical Composition, Structure and Properties of the Surface of Ukrainian Ash Microspheres. Technology audit and production reserves 2017, 6, 28–34. https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2017.118958
dc.relation.referencesen[6] Kashkovsky, V. I.; Yevdokymenko, V. O.; Kamenskyh, D. S.; Tkachenko, T. V.; Vakhrin, V. V. Ash and Ash-Slag Waste as Multifunctional Raw Material. Nauka Innov. 2017, 13, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.15407/scin13.03.054
dc.relation.referencesen[7] Dvorkin, L. Y. Efektyvny zolny tsement, betony ta rozchyny; NUVHP: Rivne, 2022.
dc.relation.referencesen[8] Perkov, Y.; Perkova, T. Recycling of Prydniprovska Thermal Power Plant Fly Ash. Min. Miner. Depos. 2017, 11, 106–112. https://doi.org/10.15407/mining11.01.106
dc.relation.referencesen[9] Popov, O.; Iatsyshyn, A.; Kovach, V.; Artemchuk, V.; Kameneva, I.; Radchenko, O.; Nikolaiev, K.; Stanytsina, V.; Iatsyshyn, A.; Romanenko, Y. Effect of Power Plant Ash and Slag Disposal on the Environment and Population Health in Ukraine. J. Health Pollut. 2021, 11, 210910. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210910
dc.relation.referencesen[10] Mironyuk, I. F.; Tatarchuk, T. R.; Vasylyeva, H. V.; Yaremiy, I. P.; Mykytyn, I. M. Morphology, Phase Composition and Radiological Properties of Fly Ash Obtained from the Burshtyn Thermal Power Plant. Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 2019, 19, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.19.2.171-178
dc.relation.referencesen[11] DSTU B V.2.7-205:2009 Budivelni materialy. Zoly-vynosu teplovykh elektrostantsii dlia betoniv. Tekhnichni umovy.
dc.relation.referencesen[12] Wasekar, P. A.; Kadam, P. G.; Mhaske, S. T. Effect of Cenosphere Concentration on the Mechanical, Thermal, Rheological, and Morphological Properties of Nylon 6. J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng. 2012, 11, 807–812. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2012.118070
dc.relation.referencesen[13] Holdajeva, M. I. The structure and properties of polystyrene concrete with micro-spherical napovnjuvachem. Ph.D. Thesis, 2010.
dc.relation.referencesen[14] Hossny Raghab, E. M. Heat-resistant lightweight concretes on composite binders with hollow ash microspheres. Ph.D. Thesis, 2005.
dc.relation.referencesen[15] Nagaraja, S.; Anand, P. B.; H. D., Shivakumar; Ammarullah, M. I. Influence of fly ash filler on the mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour of epoxy polymer composites reinforced with pineapple leaf fibre for biomedical applications. RSC Adv. 2024, 14, 14680–14696. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra00529E
dc.relation.referencesen[16] Kovalskyi, V. P.; Sidlak, O. S. Vykorystannia zoly vynosu TES u budivelnykh materialakh. Suchasni tekhnolohii, materialy i konstruktsii u budivnytstvi 2014, 16, 35–40. http://stmkvb.vntu.edu.ua/index.php/stmkvb/article/view/327
dc.relation.referencesen[17] Nagaraja, S.; Anand, P. B.; Kumar, M. K.; Ammarullah, M. I. Synergistic Advances in Natural Fibre Composites: A Comprehensive Review of the Eco-Friendly Bio-Composite Development, its Characterization and Diverse Applications. RSC Adv. 2024, 14, 17594–17611. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra00149d
dc.relation.referencesen[18] Wang, Q.; Wang, D.; Chen, H. The Role of Fly Ash Microsphere in the Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties of High-Strength Concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2017, 83, 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.07.021
dc.relation.referencesen[19] Nguyen, D. K.; Tran, A. T. H.; Kaus, N. H. M. Preparation and Characterization of Red Mud-Based Geopolymer Composited with Rice Husk Ash for the Adsorption of Bromocresol Green in Aqueous Solution. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2023, 17, 857–869 https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.04.857
dc.relation.referencesen[20] Brunauer, S.; Emmett, P. H.; Teller, E. Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023
dc.relation.referencesen[21] Cheng, M.; Xie, X.; Schmitz, P.; Fillaudeau, L. Extensive Review about Industrial and Laboratory Dynamic Filtration Modules: Scientific Production, Configurations and Performances. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2021, 265, 118293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118293
dc.relation.referencesen[22] Labajos-Broncano, L.; González-Martı́ N, M.; Bruque, J.; GonzálezGarcı́A, C. Comparison of the Use of Washburn’s Equation in the Distance – Time and Weight – Time Imbibition Techniques. J. Colloid Interface Sci 2001, 233, 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7283
dc.relation.referencesen[23] Myronyuk, O.; Baklan, D.; Nudchenko, L. Evaluation of the Surface Energy of Dispersed Aluminium Oxide Using Owens- Wendt Theory. Technology audit and production reserves 2020, 2, 25–27. https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2020.200756
dc.relation.referencesen[24] Vovchenko, L.; Matzui, L.; Zhuravkov, A.; Samchuk, A. Electrical Resistivity of Compacted TEG and TEG-Fe under Compression. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2006, 67, 1168–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.01.042
dc.relation.referencesen[25] Moskalenko, O. V.; Tsygankov, S. A.; Yanchenko, V. O.; Tsygankov, A. S. Spectral methods of analysis; Mykola Gogol NSU Publishing House: Nizhin, 2022.
dc.relation.referencesen[26] Deepthi, M. V.; Sharma, M.; Sailaja, R. R. N.; Anantha, P.; Sampathkumaran, P.; Seetharamu, S. Mechanical and Thermal Characteristics of High-Density Polyethylene–Fly Ash Cenospheres Composites. Mater. Des. 2010, 31, 2051–2060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.10.014
dc.relation.referencesen[27] Xiang, W.; Hong, S.; Xue, Y.; Ma, Y. Functional Analysis of Novel alkB Genes Encoding Long-Chain n-Alkane Hydroxylases in Rhodococcus sp. Strain CH91. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061537
dc.relation.referencesen[28] Liu, H.; Sun, Q.; Wang, B.; Wang, P.; Zou, J. Morphology and Composition of Microspheres in Fly Ash from the Luohuang Power Plant, Chongqing, Southwestern China. Minerals 2016, 6, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6020030
dc.relation.referencesen[29] Myronyuk, I. F.; Mandzyuk, V. I.; Sachko, V. M.; Gun’ko, V. M. Structural Features of Carbons Produced Using Glucose, Lactose, and Saccharose. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2016, 11, 508. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1723-z
dc.relation.referencesen[30] Khlopytskyi, O. O. Stan, problemy ta perspektyvy pererobky zoloshlakovykh vidkhodiv teploelektrostantsii Ukrainy. ScienceRise 2014, 4, 23–28. https://doi.org/10.15587/2313-8416.2014.28511
dc.relation.referencesen[31] Pylypenko, O. Surface phenomena and dispersed systems: Lecture notes; O. M. Beketov NUUE: Kharkiv, 2024.
dc.relation.referencesen[32] Fischer, E. J.; Cuccato, D.; Storti, G.; Morbidelli, M. Effect of the Charge Interactions on the Composition Behavior of Acrylamide/Acrylic Acid Copolymerization in Aqueous Medium. Eur. Polym. J. 2018, 98, 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.022
dc.relation.referencesen[33] Crompton, T. R. Practical Polymer Analysis; Springer US: Boston, MA, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2874-6
dc.relation.referencesen[34] Guo, T.; Song, J.; Jin, Y.; Sun, Z.; Li, L. Thermally Stable and Green Cellulose-Based Composites Strengthened by Styrene-co- Acrylate Latex for Lithium-Ion Battery Separators. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 206, 801–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.025
dc.relation.referencesen[35] Skachkov, V. O.; Berezhna, O. R.; Belokon, Yu. O. High- temperature composite materials based on carbon and ceramics: monograph; ZGIA: Zaporizhia, 2016.
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.04.711
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.23939/chcht15.04.543
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.03.510
dc.relation.urihttp://page.if.ua/uploads/pcss/vol14/anote1402.htm
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2017.118958
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.15407/scin13.03.054
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.15407/mining11.01.106
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210910
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.19.2.171-178
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2012.118070
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra00529E
dc.relation.urihttp://stmkvb.vntu.edu.ua/index.php/stmkvb/article/view/327
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra00149d
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.07.021
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.04.857
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118293
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7283
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2020.200756
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.01.042
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.10.014
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061537
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/min6020030
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1723-z
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.15587/2313-8416.2014.28511
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.022
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2874-6
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.025
dc.rights.holder© Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, 2025
dc.rights.holder© Melnyk L., Chernyak L., Sviderskyy V., Vovchenko L., Yevpak V., 2025
dc.subjectкомпозит
dc.subjectнаповнювач
dc.subjectзола виносу
dc.subjectлатекс
dc.subjectсклад
dc.subjectструктура
dc.subjectвластивості
dc.subjectcomposite
dc.subjectfiller
dc.subjectfly ash
dc.subjectlatex
dc.subjectcomposition
dc.subjectstructure
dc.subjectproperties
dc.titleCharacteristics of Fly Ash as a Composite Filler
dc.title.alternativeОсобливості золи виносу ТЕС як наповнювача композитів
dc.typeArticle

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Chemistry & Chemical Technology. – 2025. – Vol. 19, No. 2