Litteris et Artibus. – 2017 р.

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/40266

Proceedings of the 7th International youth science forum, November 23–25, 2017, Lviv, Ukraine

У збірнику опубліковано матеріали наукового форуму, присвяченого проблемам у галузі комп’ютерних наук та інженерії, інформаційних технологій; геодезії, архітектури та будівництва; енергетики та систем керування; гуманітарних та соціальних наук; машинобудування, матеріалознавства, транспорту; економіки та менеджменту; хімії та хімічних технологій; права та психології; екології, природоохоронної діяльності та туризму. Видання призначено для науковців, аспірантів, студентів.

Litteris et Artibus : proceedings of the 7th International youth science forum, November 23–25, 2017, Lviv, Ukraine / Lviv Polytechnic National University. – Lviv : Lviv Polytechnic Publishing House, 2017. – CD-ROM. – 466 p.

Зміст

1. Титульний аркуш до «Litteris et Artibus»	1
2. Зміст до «Litteris et Artibus»	15
3. Antoniuk V., Krasinskyi V., Khamula N., Yurkiv I. Rheological properties of compositions based on modified polyvinyl alcohol	22
4. Saiuk D., Bukartyk N., Shevchuk O., Tokarev V. Cross-linked polymer hydrogels with embedded semiconductor nanocrystals	24
5. Znak Z., Sukhatskii Y., Zin O., Mnykh R., Khomiak S., Hrabarovska A. Peculiarites of benzene decomposition in cavitation fields	26
6. Skoretska I., Beznosyk Y. Modeling of heterogeneous catalytic recovery process of ketones	28
7. Dziaman I., Kycherenko A., Moravskyi V. Investigation of the activation efficiency of powdered polyvinylchloride	30
8. Kopak N., Stasevych M., Zvarych V., Deniz N. G., Sayil C., Ozyurek M., Guclu K., Vovk M., Novikov V. Anthraquinonylhydrazones of α-active ketones and β-carbonyl-containing compunds: synthesis and antioxidant activity	32
9. Skydanenko M., Kononenko M., Kurdes Y. Influence of the vibration source location on the modes of jet disintegration in the priller and on monodispersity of the finished product	34
10. Chaykivska R., Sozanskyi M., Stadnik V., Guminilovych R., Shapoval P., Yatchyshyn Y. Investigation of hgse films, deposited from aqueous solutions with different complexing agents	36
11. Korchak B., Kochubei V., Chervinskiy T., Hrynyshyn O. Changes in the thermal stability of mineral motor oils after its using in diesel engine	38
12. Shepida M., Dobrovetska O. Sedimentation of silver and palladium on the silicon surface by galvanic replacement	40
13. Melnyk R., Serdiuk V., Shevchuk O., Tokarev V. Synthesis of microcapsules with encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles for α-amylase immobilization	42
14. Husarova O., Shapar R. The features of fruits drying in the production of natural chips	44
15. Sachuk O., Zazhigalov V., Diyuk O. The mechanochemical influence on the physico-chemical properties of CeO2-MoO3 system	46
16. Sanzhak O., Brazhnyk D., Azimov F. Photodegradation of aqueous solution of benzene and phenol using nitrogen doped TiO2 supported on silica gel	48
17. Paiuk O., Volianiuk K., Sobko I., Nadashkevych Z., Mitina N., Zaichenko O. Synthesis, properties and application of amphiphilic copolymers based on poly(fluoroalkylmethacrylate)s with terminal peroxide group	50
18. Nagorniak M., Oleksa V., Dron I., Stasiuk A., Maikovich O., Bordeniuk O. Esterification of dextrine by the N-derivatives of glutamic acid using steglich reaction	52
19. Hlad R., Shapoval P., Stadnik V., Sozanskiy M., Guminilovych R., Yatchyshyn Y. Influence of the deposition time on the structure and optical properties of indium sulfide films (In2S3)	54
20. Tupychak M., Shyyka O., Pokhodylo N., Obushak M. New heterocyclic scaffolds with thiophene and 1,2,4-triazole rings	56
21. Makarova L., Pliushko O., Zhyl’tsova S., Opeida I. Effectiveness of fenton reagent in oxidation process of methyl violet dye	58
22. Shved M., Pyshyev S., Prysiazhnyi Y., Sagan O. Effect of oxidant composition on obtaining raw material for pulverized coal production from high-sulfuric low grade coal	60
23. Melnyk Y., Tsvyk V., Skorokhoda T. Diffusion-transport properties of hydrogel membranes based on copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with polyvinylpyrrolidone	62
24. Chopyk N., Vashchuk K., Melnyk S., Skorokhoda V. Composite hydrogel materials of biomedical application with fungibactericidal properties	64
25. Demchuk Y., Gunka V., Pyshyev S., Bratychak M., Lypko Y. Bitumen modified by phenol-cresol-formaldehyde resins obtained from coking by-products	66
26. Orobchuk O., Pidsadiuk M., Subtelnyi R., Dzinyak B., Fuch Y. Emulsion Сo-oligomerization of hydrocarbon fraction C9 with the polyvinylchloride production waste as a dispersion medium	68
27. Masyuk A., Paraschak O., Levytskyi V. Influence of the nature of metal-containing polymer-silicate filler on the physico-mechanical properties of polypropylene	70
28. Katruk D., Levytskyi V. The effect of poly (vinyl chloride) and filler on technological properties of polyester composites	72
29. Vashkurak U., Falyk T., Shevchuk L. The influence of the nature of the gas into the cavitation destruction organic and biological contanination of wastewater from brewing industry	74
30. Shpyrka I., Nebesnyi R., Sydorchuk V., Khalameida S., Ivasiv V., Zavalii K. Catalysts of aldol condensation of acetic acid with formaldehyde	76
31. Yakubik V., Zayats S., Havryliv R. Kinetics of polymer dispersion drying dy the conductionmethod	78
32. Zhyhailo M., Demchyna O., Demydova K., Yevchuk I. Rheological investigation of sol-gel systems based on 3-methacryl-oxypropyl trimethoxysilane	79
33. Pidhirnyi R., Hlukhaniuk A., Motrunich O., Ivashchuk O., Starchevskyy V. The simulation of cavitation process using the engineering analysis methods	81
34. Palianytsia L., Berezovska N., Kosiv R., Pikh Z., Kharandiuk T. Activation of alcohol yeast	83
35. Koval I. Comparison of the bacteria destruction with and without gas action and cavitation	85
36. Baran N., Melnyk Y., Grytsenko O., Yaculchak G., Shapoval C. Development of the forming technology of combined membranes based on hydrogel and polycaproamide	87
37. Nagurskyy A., Grynyshyn O., Khlibyshyn Y., Antoshkiv D. Compounded and raw rubbers for bitumen modification	89
38. Kostiv I. S., Marshalok G. A. Effect of the reactants molar ratio on the kinetics of cycloaddition of 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene to methylacrylate	91
39. Kovalchuk T. A., Kostiv I. S. Investigation of kinetic regularities of rice drying process	95
40. Werner Ł., Jackiewicz-Zagórska A., Gac J. Simultaneous filtration of liquid and solid aerosols on fibrous filters	97
41. Danyliuk O., Atamanyuk V., Bachyk M., Romanov V. Dissolution of solid polydisperse materials during pneumatic mixing	99
42. Wierzba P., Krasiński A. Preparation of highly hydrophobic cellulose based surfaces by silica particles and fluorosiloxane deposition	101
43. Kovalchuk A., Pidhirnyi R., Lesiuk U., Ivashchuk O. The simulation of the heat transfer equipment using methods of engineering analysis	103
44. Kindzera D., Atamanyuk V., Hosovskyi R., Shkromyda M. The heat transfer during the filtration drying of the grinded sunflower stems	105
45. Atamanyuk V., Huzova I., Gnativ Z., Hrynkiv M., Bodnar M. Research of the process of regeneration of activated carbon during filtration drying	107
46. Mariichak O., Shevchenko M., Rozantsev G., Radio S. Pr-, Nd-, and Eu-containing heteropoly tungstates with peacock–weakley anion: synthesis from aqueous-acetone media, FT-IR spectroscopy, and surface micromorphology	109
47. Chobit M. R., Vasylyev V. P., Panchenko Yu. V. Application of oil and fat industrial wastes for modification of the fillers	111
48. Ateş A., Kılınç C. Ç., Şahin M., Gazi E. Measuring the awareness level of local tourists in their tourism and environment relations: a research in tarsus	114
49. Dyachok V., Katysheva V. About problem of absorption of greenhouse gas by chlorophyilsynthesizing microalgae in the presence of sulfur dioxide	118
50. Pryshliak N. Public policy and biofuels: energy, environment and food trilemma	120
51. Soloviy K., Malovanyy M. Conditions for cyanobacteria biomass development and selection for further processing	122
52. Kholiavka L., Olishevs'ka O. Peculiarities of ecological labeling of goods in Ukraine	124
53. Kholiavka L., Yahodynets O. Problems and prospects for export development of domestic organic production for the European Union Market	126
54. Martynyuk V., Dzvonyk V. Macroeconomic factors of commercial entrepreneurship development in Ukraine	128
55. Dzhumelia E., Pohrebennyk V. Environmental impact of mining and chemical industry	130
56. Bets M., Magdych M. Development of the production of ecological goods in Ukraine and their labeling and compliancewith standards	132
57. Bets M., Basiuk N. Contents of the socioenvironmental responsibility in electronic equipment and machinery trade	134
58. Bulatsyk S., Yavorska N. European demands for food quality and safety	136
59. Hensetkiy D., Olexandra F. Relevance of implementation of the system of technical ISO quality control by companies in the agricultural sector	138
60. Zin`ko O., Yavorska N. Features of environmental labeling in Ukraine	140
61. Peresunko A., Danko T. Importance of use international standarts of quality in Ukraine	142
62. Sereda A., Sliusar V., Vronska N., Malovanyy M. Research of infiltrates content of landfills of hard domestic wastes (HDW) (on the example of Lviv landfill)	144
63. Svyryda I., Popovych O. Analysis of the environmental impact Ltd." Tarkett Vinisin" Kalush	146
64. Sabadash V., Habuda A., Gumnitsky Y. Adsorption of Cu2 + and Cr3 + cations by modified sorbents	148
65. Hyvlyud A., Pohrebennyk V., Politylo R. Assessment of water resources in city Stryi of Lviv region	150
66. Prykhodchenko D., Tykhonenko V. Development of “Archaean rocks” tour itinerary through the objects of geological heritage of Dnipropetrovsk region	152
67. Bilous S., Chornobrov O., Overchenko O. Preservation of ancient and old value trees of ukraine with using biotechnology methods	154
68. Lyuta O., Gumnitsky Y. The mathematical description of molecular diffusion penetration of fertilizers into the soil	156
69. Kanda M., Malovanyy M., Odnorih Z. Disposal of poultry droppings with the use of natural sorbents	158
70. Dyachok V., Marakhovska A. Analysis of process parameters of wastewater treatment of edible oils production	160
71. Biletskyi R., Biletskyi Y. Nonlinearity compensation for two-zone energy-shaping control systems of DC drive	164
72. Binkevych T. Means and devices of lightning protection of overhead transmission lines of voltage class 110–750 kV	166
73. Nakonechnyi I., Kuzyk M. Combined heating system based on solar collector and district heating	168
74. Fedoryshyn R., Klos S. Analysis of pulse-width modulation methods	170
75. Kokoshko R., Kril B., Kril O. Development of flow meters and assistive devices for the technological air and carbon dioxide accounting	172
76. Kuzmenko I., Gourjii A. Modelling of hydrodynamic processes inside coaxial channels of regular packing of cooling tower	174
77. Kuznetsova M., Romaniv V. Study of working efficiency of cooling towers of nuclear power plants	178
78. Vlasenko M., Muzychak A. Implementation of biogas plants at food industry enterprises	180
79. Livyi D., Ivannikov A. Independent controlling the consumer of electricity from several points	182
80. Medvid R., Muzychak A. Smart lighting for corridors of an educational institution building	184
81. Romaniuk O., Kril B., Kril O. Improvement of the mechanical consistometers for paper pulp	186
82. Lys S., Rymar T., Yurasova O., Bura M. Analysis of experimental researches of wood gasification process in a continuous layer	188
83. Mysak S., Kovalenko T. Determination of the armor wear and tear of the drum ball mill	190
84. Roman V., Matiko F., Kovalchuk I. Hydrodynamic flow measurement error of ultrasonic flowmeters	192
85. Kulyk M., Kravets T., Medvedeva A. Method of increasing the ecological indicators of the process of combustion of organic fuel in TPP boilers	194
86. Golubinka I., Kramarenko S., Lompas O., Marchenko D. Toward geodynamic studies and GNSS CORS measurements: West Ukrainian GNSS network data processing using Bernese v5.2 software	198
87. Shylo O., Shylo Y. The definition of deviation of “Geoevolutionary” plumb line based on data from the transformation of the Earth	202
88. Doskich S., Moviaka O., Semenchuk V. Monitoring crustal deformations in Carpathian fold system	206
89. Lozynskyi V. Analysis of archival cartographic materials for the modeling of digital terrain model of the Lviv city landfill during 1988-2008	208
90. Haihel Y. Models of representation of selenopotentials by spherical functions and using point masses	210
91. Bugaienko O. The peer land exchange in land readjustment models	212
92. Gołębiewski M. Hemp-lime bio-composites – properties and applications in architectural design	214
93. Khymytsia O. Mobile housing design: overview of current trends	216
94. Brych M. The significance of open-air museums for preserving of memorable architectural ensembles of Ukraine	218
95. Khorosha O. The basic principles of the formation of the palace architecture of the Eastern Podillya in the period of early classicism	222
96. Subin-Kozhevnikova A. Educational establishments and their role in the formation of the architectural environment of Vinnytsia at the beginning of the XX century	224
97. Verba V., Charaf Y., Ouassim T. Bearing capacity of anchors in thin aerated concrete masonry under tension and shear loading	226
98. Chernychuk E., Bazylevych V. Optical illusions: the path of enlightment	228
99. Tkachuk H., Bilinska O. The evolution of the ceiling in architecture	232
100. Pivtorak Y., Bilinska O. Straw in architecture: traditions and future	240
101. Shenbor V., Korendiy V., Brusentsov V. Ways of improvement of productiveness of vibratory tubular conveyors	248
102. Dmyterko P., Novitskyy Y., Gurey V. Impact of processing modes and parameters of the working part of the instrument on the surface quality of flat parts during high-speed friction hardening	250
103. Slipchuk A., Datsishin Y. Improving the quality of technology of pressing the tungsten carbide inset cutter in roller cone bit	252
104. Korendiy V., Shenbor V., Shenbor Y. Improvement of structural diagrams of vibratory separators with electromagnetic drive	254
105. Chervoniak V. Substantiation of parameters of the mechanism of initial orientation of the package	256
106. Torbych B. Research of pneumatic systems of automatic dosing of liquid	258
107. Novitskyy Y., Dmyterko P. Optimization of damping parameters of self-oscillations of multifrequency oscillatory system	260
108. Rykavets Z., Ryzhak D., Romaka L., Shvachko S., Romaka V. Experimental and First-principle study of TmNiSb half-Heusler Alloy	262
109. Vishtak I., Savulyak V. Prospects for the use of nanomaterials and nanocoatings for high-speed spindles	265
110. Prykhodko V., Zhytenko A. Study of comfort pedestrian traffic conditions	267
111. Postranskyy T., Afonin M. The change of bus driver’s functional condition, moving in the plain road	269
112. Bojkiv M., Kruchynina K., Bura R. Investigation of transport noise on the streets of Lviv depending on the type of road surface	271
113. Bura R., Davosyr V. Analysis of factors which define time losses in traffic flow	273
114. Vovk Y. Dependence of public transport service quality indicators priority from the respondent`s age	275
115. Hrytsun O., Davosyr V. Impact of unregulated pedestrian crossings on road network capacity	277
116. Yevchuk Y., Vilshanetska K. Evaluation of the introduction of public transport movement priority on the regulated crossroad	279
117. Masonkov O. Research methods of service quality on public transport	281
118. Plesak S., Pryhoda M., Sosed A. Application of forecast methods to determine the functional condition of the driver	283
119. Sotnikova A. Methods of the passenger`s functional state research	285
120. Furman O. Hardware and software for road user`s functional state research	287
121. Blynda Y., Bilyk O., Khymych O. Stages of the process for the choice of investment strategy	290
122. Boychuk A. Formation and implementation of an innovative program at cause-and-effect approach	292
123. Duma O. Export operations to the EU markets and advices of how to do it right	294
124. Duma O. Efficiency of public administration in Ukraine	297
125. Dziubińska A. The role of the institutions in organizational knowledge replication – lesson from MNC investing in emerging business environment	300
126. Fedorchak O., Kedebecz K. Analysis of success factors in advertising	306
127. Golovko L. General principles and priorities of economic providing of sustainable development: realities and directions of improvement	308
128. Grin’ko I., Solonets D., Golovko L. Problems of growth competitiveness of the enterprise	312
129. Janiszewski A. Breaking organizational routines as a requirement for knowledge broker’s leadership role	314
130. Karkovska V., Yaremko I. Ways to combine the results of the analysis of employees activity of state authorities	317
131. Kniaz S., Kizun A. Export import relations dynamics between Ukraine and EU	319
132. Kopylova O. Formation of stock market trade networks model in modern condition	321
133. Kulyniak I., Kopets G. Development of Innovative entrepreneurship in Ukraine	327
134. Lekh I. Motivation in the modern world	329
135. Martyniuk V., Tur N. Analysis of the dynamics of sales volumes of the domestic machinebuilding complex	331
136. Matviy S., Korol Y. Commercialization of scientific and technical researches of universitiees	333
137. Mazur A., Muzychuk I. The concept of sustainable economic development of Ukraine on the basis of ”green” economy	335
138. Melnyk O., Adamiv M. Economic costs of corruption development in Ukraine and ways to overcome them in terms of European integration	337
139. Moiseenko D., Mushyn I., Golovko L. Agricultural products in the international market	339
140. Popadynets N., Pasternak O. Marketing instruments of Ivano-Frankivsk oblast promotion in terms of cross-border cooperation	341
141. Rusanovska O. The expediency of using evaluation indicators of logistics processes effectiveness in the system logistics activities controlling	343
142. Şahin M., Karaman A., Ateş A. Whistleblowing in the enterprises and the influence of whistleblowing on the business performance	345
143. Stanasyuk N., Kishchun A. Growth of the role and importance of service industry in the modern global economic space	348
144. Strypa N., Didukh O. Virtual organization as an innovative form of business management	350
145. Yemchenko I., Lehusha L. Main EU requirements for goods safety and quality	352
146. Zielińska A., Gałka A. Marketing logistics	354
147. Dziurakh Y. Management of investment risks	356
148. Halanets V., Dziurakh Y. State financial support of agricultural products producers	358
149. Karpiak A. Factors of functioning and development of information technologies in the national economy	360
150. Sadova U., Andrusiv S., Tesliuk R. Mobilization function of the ukrainian-polish migration system: local measurement	362
151. Baiko L., Khymytsia N. Local government websites: making citizens be customers	368
152. Duma O. Modern terrorism: consequences and solutions	370
153. Husakova K. The role of mass media in the process of settlement of social problem of people with disabilities in modern Ukrainian society	373
154. Khymytsia N., Ustyianovych T. Application of big data in historical science	375
155. Khymytsia N., Kolos S. Main tendencies of the Internet development in the future and new Internet professions	377
156. Konukhov S. Images of European culture in Ukrainian history textbooks	379
157. Koval O., Turchyn J. National interests of Ukraine in implementing the Baltic-Black Sea Union project	381
158. Kurdyna Y., Shapovalova K. Historical museums of the 21-st century: prospects of the mission	383
159. Lyseyko Y., Ivanio S. The noble coat of arms on a female portrait of the 17th – early 20th centuries in the collection of the Lviv Historical Museum	385
160. Panas N. Construction of the main building for the Tsisars-Royal Technical Academy in Lviv in 1873-1877 on the pages of «Gazeta Lwowska» newspaper	387
161. Shvachko S., Verkhoturova M., Pishatchin M. Metallographic examination of 16th century cannon material from the collection of Lviv History Museum	389
162. Dyachok R., Hrytsyshyn O., Salamaha S. System of detection and scanning bar codes in panoramic images on raspberry PI	392
163. Shakhovska K. Making answer algorithm for chat-bot	394
164. Khomits V., Hlukhov V. Approach To implementation on Fpga of data compression algorithm C Llanguage descriptions by the means of vivado package	396
165. Chopey R., Knysh B., Fedasyuk D. The model of software execution time remote testing	398
166. Dmitriev V. The heat treatment influence on the main quality indicators of Ag/n-n+GaAs heterojunctions	402
167. Griga V., Gizun A., Lanovyi I. Formation of identifying parameters reference values of information and psychological impact	404
168. Hryhorovych B. Methods of solving the problem of calculation the optimal path on a given relief	410
169. Rzheuskiy A., Kunanets N., Malynovskyi O. The means of building digital libraries	412
170. Rybchak Z. Modification of the initialization and crossing methods of ant and genetic algorithms for solving the transport problem in the tourism	414
171. Zavuschak I. User interface constructed on the contextual knowledge that describing ontology	416
172. Mykich K., Burov E. Logical inference mechanism in situational awareness systems	418
173. Zholubak I., Hlukhov V. Hardware complexity of multipliers of extended Galois field in FPGA	420
174. Erdogan F., Sakar M. G. A fitted numerical method for singularly perturbed integro differential equations with delay	422
175. Sakar M. G., Erdogan F. Numerical solution of singularlyperturbed convection-diffusion equations	425
176. Karbovnyk I., Lukashevych D., Chalyy D., Klym H. Electrical properties of singleand multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites at low temperatures	428
177. Klym H., Kostiv Y. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy in application to nanostructured glasses and ceramics	430
178. Kostyk A., Hlukhov V., Berezko L. The research of multiplication in the ternary Galois fields	432
179. Lykhotop D. Mobile LAN based on BLE-configurable wireless Wi-Fi modules	434
180. Rahma M. K., Hlukhov V. Computing square roots and solve equations of ECC over galois fields	437
181. C. N. J. de VeyMestdagh , Kamphorst A., Noordhoek J. H., Mulder T., H. T. van der Waaij The dogmata of secrecy: are we realistic about the facts and impact of massive leaks of classified information?	442
182. Kitsa M. Violations of the law about advertising in Ukrainian media	450
183. Lesko N. State policy to protect children from violence	452
184. Ortynska N. Guarantees of rights and freedoms of minors	454
185. Radeiko R. Ensuring privacy right when using social networks	456
186. F. W. J. van Geelkerken , Konings K. Using Blockchain to strengthen the rights granted through the GDPR	458
187. Index of authors	462

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Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Dissolution of solid polydisperse materials during pneumatic mixing
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2017-12-23) Danyliuk, Oleh; Atamanyuk, Volodymyr; Bachyk, Mariia; Romanov, Vadym; Lviv Polytechnic National University
The thesis investigates dissolution of solid polydisperse materials during pneumatic mixing. In particular, a study of kinetics regularities of dissolution of C6H5COOH in water. The methods of experimentations are described. It has been experimentally established that with increasing air flow, the duration of the dissolution process is reduced. The influence of mixing applications on the dissolution process is described. The advantages of the dissolution process during the pneumatic mixing of the solution are analyzed.
Research of the process of regeneration of activated carbon during filtration drying
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2017-12-23) Atamanyuk, Volodymyr; Huzova, Iryna; Gnativ, Zoriana; Hrynkiv, Mykola; Bodnar, Mykola; Lviv Polytechnic National University
Heat-mass exchange processes during drying of regenerated activated carbon was to study and determine minimum height of heat-mass exchange zone and time of termination of hot heating agent supply based on criterion equations and heat balance calculations.
The heat transfer during the filtration drying of the grinded sunflower stems
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2017-12-23) Kindzera, Diana; Atamanyuk, Volodymyr; Hosovskyi, Roman; Shkromyda, Mykhailo; Lviv Polytechnic National University
The stems of sunflowers can be successfully used as a raw material for solid fuel production due to their ingredients: сellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The high concentration of above-mentioned compounds defines high calorific power of biofuel (about 20.6 MJ/kg) made from plant raw material. The fate of the costs of drying in the cost of manufacture of solid biofuels from grinded sunflower stems are large, which increases the cost of the finished product. The application of the filtration method for drying of the grinded sunflower stems makes it possible to intensify the dehydration process and to reduce energy costs.