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Item Ґенеза військових головних уборів від Першої світової війни до 2014 р.(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Юрова, Т. М.Перша світова війна змусила змінити підходи проектантів і дизайнерів до створення військових головних уборів, які певною мірою забезпечували успішне виконання бойових завдань особовим складом, що актуально і в наші дні. Мета публікації – проаналізувати реалізацію таких якостей військових головних уборів, як функціональність, зручність, захисні властивості і маскувальна здатність. Використання методу зіставлення, історико-порівняльного та ретроспективного методів, аналізу, синтезу, узагальнення допомогло провести та окреслити історичні паралелі між минулими і сучасними елементами одностроїв, екіпірування, розширити методологічну, теоретичну та дизайнерську базу для проектування сучасних військових головних уборів. The First World War forced to change approaches planners and designers to create military headgear, which to some extent ensure implementation combat missions personnel, which is important in our day. Today, helmets, kepoi, bandanas and others is a mandatory element of combat uniforms Army almost all countries of world. Their modern look, materials and sometimes differ significantly from those that were used in the early twentieth century. But their purpose remains the same – to save the life of soldiers and officers in the warfare. The purpose of publishing – to analyze the implementation of such mission a military headgear as functionality, comfort, safety features and camouflage ability. Using comparisons, historical-comparative and retrospective methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and helped to outline the historical parallels between past and present elements of uniforms, equipment, expand the methodological, theoretical and design basis for the design of modern military headgear.Item Антибританська політична карикатура у Німеччині як засіб пропаганди у період Першої світової війни(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Питльована, Л. Ю.Проаналізовано антибританську політичну карикатуру у Німеччині як засіб пропаганди у період Першої світової війни. Досліджено особливості політичної карикатури як історичного джерела: система організації пропаганди у кайзерівській Німеччині. Розглядаються образи, сюжети та персонажі карикатур, їх семантичне значення. Аналізується вплив антибританської карикатури на формування негативних стереотипів у німецькому суспільстві. The article is devoted to analyzing of anti-British political cartoons in Germany as propaganda methods during World War I. The features of political cartoons as a historical source; the system of propaganda in Imperial Germany are investigated. The images, the plots and the cartoons characters, their semantic meaning are considered. Influence of anti-British cartoons on formation of negative stereotypes in German society is analyzed.Item Джерельна база історії професійних спілок Східної Галичини до початку та в роки Першої світової війни(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Берест, І. Р.Проаналізовано стан розвитку джерельної бази історії профспілок та профспілкового руху та в роки Першої світової війни, вказано на нові, досі не відому документи з цієї тематики, окреслно перспективи наукового дослідження. Research topic of the trade union movement in Eastern Galicia before and during the First World War biennium is very interesting and the aim of this study is the demonstration of sources, which then form the basis of a monumental work. The main group of sources are materials that are encountered in the formation and activities of trade unions (trade union policy documents, representations of strike committees, leaders of trade union organizations). The peculiarity of these sources is that they reflect the spirit of the age and diversity of current, especially for workers and trade unions issues. The importance of a multifaceted study of the history of the trade union movement in Ukraine is connected, first, with a relatively narrow range of processed sources. Secondly, the theme of the trade union movement is a versatile and multi-faceted and many of its aspects require deeper and more thorough study. Thirdly, studied topic provides rich material for scientific study of other key issues of history of Eastern Galicia, including: management in the province, economic and social development, the rise of Ukrainian national movement and so on. Fourth, in terms of building democratic institutions of independent Ukrainian state analysis and accumulation of historical experience in the area of development of trade-union movement have both especially scientific and the practical value applied. The basis of the study was a source base set of published documents and records (including electronic media) that reflect the historical background and direct processes for the origin, formation and development of the trade union movement in Eastern Galicia before and during the First World War. To understand the problem, first of all, we should distinguish the sources that have arisen in the formation and activities of trade union organizations - policy documents unions, their correspondence and information analysis, representations of strike committees, leaders of trade union organizations. An important group of historical sources are published laws and other national and regional regulations that define the legal framework of society, the functioning of trade unions and their socio-political and socio-economic priorities. Important role also belongs to the electoral law, including its evolution from the class and two-stage electoral system – to the common electoral law. In the separate group of sources it is possible to select the of that time press, primarily working and trade-union, the publication of which is significantly more active at the end of 60th – at the beginning of 70th of the XIX century. At the turn of the ХІХ – ХХ centuries, in connection with radicalization of social life, appears specialized press. If earlier the prob lems of western Ukrainian workers lighted up next to questions importance questions for farmers (mainly) middle class and other segments of the population of that time, the emergence of such publications, like “Pratcia” or “Robitnykh” showed the increasing influence of the workers in the social and political processes. Separate groups of sources are more or less informative saturated, but together they provide the necessary factual basis for a holistic, objective study of the genesis of the trade union movement in Eastern Galicia in the ХІХ - early ХХ centuries. In general, the study of the history of the trade union movement in Eastern Galicia before and during the First World War biennium is extremely important and necessary in terms of studying the history of trade unions in the Ukrainian lands, which are not always adequately and properly covered and, in fact, is still largely unknown. In this context particular importance is the study of assumptions, features and processes that affect the origin, formation and development of the trade union movement in estern Ukraine during the Austrian government.Item Українське питання в політиці провідних держав напередодні великої війни (1914–1918 рр.)(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Мазур, О. Я.; Баран, І. В.Розглянуто значення українських земель для країн-учасниць Першої світової війни. Проаналізовано плани та цілі кожної з держав, які входили до складу різних воюючих блоків, відносно загарбання українських земель. The Entente and Triple Alliance – the two military-political alliances which had the relation to the beginning of the First World War, planned to lead the would-be war with the aim of enlarging their economical and political influences and for new outlet while redividing of the previously had already divided world. In this war Ukraine, as the largest European country of those without its own government, and having numerous labor and material resources and very convenient geographical location – had become a target of the comparative rival countries. Ukraine had become a center of a particular international attention. The matter of “Ukrainian question” which appeared in those days international politics could be explained by the absence of any kind of the independent state, territorial division of Ukraine, unsatisfied material, national and cultural conditions of Ukrainian people. The “Ukrainian question” became one of the most important reasons of European destabilization of the international relations in Europe, which in its own way provoked two military-political alliances to the conflict. The Russian Empire, from one side and Germany and the Austria-Hungary from the other one treated the question of the conquest of the Ukrainian lands as one with the most important priority. Besides, while eastern part of Ukraine, so called –Naddniprianska Ukraine - stayed a part of the Russian Empire, the last one wanted to conquer western Ukraine. On the other hand, as Austria-Hungary ruling western Ukrainian lands, claimed its rights to eastern Ukraine. Having started the war, the Russian Empire planned to conquer lands of Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovina and Transcarpatia. It would let them solve two tasks: at first – to broaden the border of the Russian Empire and, at the same time, weaken or even destroy their western opponent; at second – to completely squelch the organising centres of Ukrainian liberation movements in Galicia, which not occasionally was called “Ukrainian Piemont”. The burglarious character of its intentions, Russian propaganda managed to hide by the will to unite the all Russian lands, of which, of course, Ukrainian lands were a part of. During the war, the Austria-Hungary Empire, aimed to strengthen their positions in Western Ukraine and unite to its lands the other inhabited by Ukrainians territories, in particular, Volyn and Podillia. It would let them enhance their influence on Slavic nations of the Empire (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks), and tend to be the most influential country in the Slavic world. The German Empire struggled for the expanding of its lands by conquering eastern and southern Ukraine – the most economically developed Ukrainian regions. Among German politicians the question of Ukraine was thought as essential, needed to defeat the Russian Empire. The German authority paid much attention to military actions held on Ukrainian lands, finding it as one of the most important scenes of the World War. Germans didn’t exclude the creation of formally separate Ukrainian state formed on the reclaimed from the Russian Empire lands.Item Позиція провідних польських партій Російського імперії напередодні та на початку Першої світової війни(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Морушко, О. О.; Матієшин, Л. М.Висвітлено позицію провідних польських партій Російської імперії та на початку Першої cвітової війни. Викрито та проаналізовано основні причини їх процарських позиції. The investigation of the various aspects and preconditions targeting influential Polish political parties on different political camps before the First World War, has a great interest for researchers of modern Polish history. The activities of Polish forces, which functioned on the territory of the Russian Empire at that time, had a significant impact on the historical development. From the first days of the war the absolute majority of the Polish right parties of the Kingdom of Poland took a pronounced attitude supporting the tsarism. The activity of the influential Polish People’s Democratic Party, known by shortened name – endeky, became the particularly striking example of this policy. The book of a leader of this party R. Dmowski –“Germany, Russia and the Polish question” became the ideological substantiation of the endeky’s politics. The Party of real politicks shared the same ideas and similar position as the endeky did. This party was created in 1904. The party united in its ranks the Polish land barons, the big bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia associated with it and higher Catholic clergy. After the revolution of 1905 – 1907, the Party of real politicks actively collaborated with endeky. The same concept was also taken by the two types of progressivities: Progressive Party and the Polish progressive association. Endeky and their leader R. Dmowski as the most important target of their activity decided to defeat Germany, regardless of the outcome of the war for Poland. The Polish question for endeky at the beginning of the war had secondary importance. That is why, endeky and their leader R. Dmowski at the beginning of the war considered it as domestic issue of tsarist Russia. Thus, we can conclude that the most of the Polish nobility and wealthy citizens indirectly through parties, which expressed their interests – endekiv and realists, actively supported the idea of unification of all Polish lands within Tsarist Russia under the tsarist authorities at the beginning of the First World War.Item Передумови становлення броньованих частин українських армій: бронеавтомобільні формування Першої світової війни та досвід їх застосування(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Моргун, М. В.; Лушкавнюк, Т. С.Розглянуто бронеавтомобільні формування Першої світової війни та досвід їх застосування. Вивчено передумови становлення бронеавтомобільних підрозділів українських армій. Formation armor pieces Ukrainian army carried out taking into account the experience of combat use similar intended parts of the former Russian army and, to a large extent, using techniques inherited after the collapse of the Russian army. Therefore, it is reasonable to analyze the organizational principles armor and weapon parts of the Russian army during the First World War. During the First World War, when fighting over a substantial period of time had maneuverable character in the Russian army have developed mobile units equipped with armored vehicles. Most of them, belonging to the South-West and the Romanian Front, was based on the territory of Ukraine or the adjoining areas. Thus it can be argued that Ukraine in late 1917 had some starting conditions for the formation of their own armor parts. There were quite numerous broneavtomobilni combat units that were part of the Southwestern and Romanian fronts. There was also some technical base for their activities. Existing personnel was prepared as a soldier and officer. Finally, it has gained significant experience in combat use broneavtomobilnyh parts. In order to realize these opportunities and create their own full armor parts, the political and military leadership of Ukraine had to solve several priority objectives, namely to keep these units property from looting and export from Ukraine, to prevent the destruction of repair facilities, especially - railway workshops, preserve human potential broneavtomobilnyh parts. Finally, it was necessary to determine the place of armor units in the structure of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.