New challenges for exploitation of continuously operating reference GNSS stations during hostilities. Case study of Ukraine
dc.citation.epage | 37 | |
dc.citation.issue | 99 | |
dc.citation.journalTitle | Геодезія, картографія і аерофотознімання | |
dc.citation.spage | 28 | |
dc.contributor.affiliation | Національний університет “Львівська політехніка” | |
dc.contributor.affiliation | Lviv Polytechnic National University | |
dc.contributor.author | Брусак, Іван | |
dc.contributor.author | Бабченко, Володимир | |
dc.contributor.author | Савчук, Наталія | |
dc.contributor.author | Марчук, Владислав | |
dc.contributor.author | Шкварок, Юрій | |
dc.contributor.author | Туряниця, Михайло | |
dc.contributor.author | Brusak, Ivan | |
dc.contributor.author | Babchenko, Volodymyr | |
dc.contributor.author | Savchuk, Nataliia | |
dc.contributor.author | Marchuk, Vladyslav | |
dc.contributor.author | Shkvarok, Yurii | |
dc.contributor.author | Turianytsia, Mykhailo | |
dc.coverage.placename | Львів | |
dc.coverage.placename | Lviv | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2025-03-07T08:33:06Z | |
dc.date.created | 2024-02-24 | |
dc.date.issued | 2024-02-24 | |
dc.description.abstract | У дослідженні наведено сучасний стан активних перманентних ГНСС-станцій та особливості їх роботи під час бойових дій на території України. Стабільна робота ГНСС-мереж на сьогодні є важливою не лише для робіт у сільському господарстві, геодезичних та землевпорядних роботах, а й для уточнення навігації чи топографії для військових цілей. Метою цієї роботи є аналіз впливу бойових дій на ГНСС-мережу України, враховуючи фактори тимчасової окупації окремих територій, перебої електроживлення через ракетні удари по енергетичній інфраструктурі та подавлення ГНСС-сигналу радіоелектронними методами в прифронтових регіонах. Інше завданням цього дослідження – висвітлити приклади некоректної роботи в RTK чи VRS режимі, враховуючи можливі помилки від радіоелектронного подавлення чи GPS-спуфінгу та надати практичні рекомендації для спостерігачів. У результаті роботи проведено аналіз змін кількості належно працюючих ГНСС-станцій за період з 2021 року до 2023 року на прикладі двох мереж GeoTerrace та System.NET, які разом досить повно охоплюють всі регіони України, окрім тимчасово окупованих росією територій. Виконано опрацювання добових 30-секундних RINEX-файлів перманентних ГНСС-станцій у програмному пакеті Bernese GNSS v.5.2 за три роки. Зафіксовано, що після початку повномасштабного вторгнення у лютому 2022 року та до весни цього ж року відбулося різке скорочення кількості належно працюючих активних ГНСС-станцій на близько 10 % від загальної кількості. Наукова новизна та практичне значення. У статті надано практичні рекомендації для користувачів – геодезистів та землевпорядників, які виконують ГНСС-виміри у RTK чи VRS режимах від перманентних станцій з метою оцінки спостережень на вплив радіоелектронного подавлення чи GPS-спуфінгу. Виконана оцінка мережі та щоденно обчислені координати ГНСС-станцій за період з 2021 року до 2023 року можуть бути використані для геодинамічних досліджень регіону у майбутньому. | |
dc.description.abstract | The study presents the current state of GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) networks and their operational characteristics during the ongoing hostilities in Ukraine. Stable GNSS CORS network operation is crucial not only for agricultural, geodetic, and land management tasks but also for military navigation and topography. The aim of this work is to analyze the impact of hostilities in Ukraine's GNSS network, considering factors like temporary occupation of certain territories, power outages due to missile strikes on energy infrastructure, and GNSS signal jamming using radio-electronic methods in front-line regions. Another objective of this study is to highlight examples of incorrect RTK or VRS operation due to potential errors from radio-electronic jamming or GPS spoofing as well as to provide practical recommendations for surveyors. As a result, the research has analyzed changes in the number of properly functioning GNSS stations from 2021 to 2023 using the GeoTerrace and System.NET networks. These networks cover all regions of Ukraine except the temporarily occupied territories by russia. Daily processing of RINEX files with a sampling interval of 30 seconds from CORS GNSS stations was conducted using the Bernese GNSS v.5.2 software package over three years. It was noted that following the large-scale invasion in February 2022 and through the spring of that year, there was a sharp reduction of about 10% in the number of properly functioning active GNSS stations. Scientific novelty and practical importance. The article presents practical recommendations for users, such as surveyors and land managers, performing GNSS measurements in RTK or VRS modes using permanent stations, to assess the influence of radio-electronic jamming or GPS spoofing on observations. CORS network assessment and daily calculated coordinates of GNSS stations from 2021 to 2023 can be used for future geodynamic research in the region. | |
dc.format.extent | 28-37 | |
dc.format.pages | 10 | |
dc.identifier.citation | New challenges for exploitation of continuously operating reference GNSS stations during hostilities. Case study of Ukraine / Ivan Brusak, Volodymyr Babchenko, Nataliia Savchuk, Vladyslav Marchuk, Yurii Shkvarok, Mykhailo Turianytsia // Geodesy, Cartography and Aerial Photography. — Lviv : Lviv Politechnic Publishing House, 2024. — No 99. — P. 28–37. | |
dc.identifier.citationen | New challenges for exploitation of continuously operating reference GNSS stations during hostilities. Case study of Ukraine / Ivan Brusak, Volodymyr Babchenko, Nataliia Savchuk, Vladyslav Marchuk, Yurii Shkvarok, Mykhailo Turianytsia // Geodesy, Cartography and Aerial Photography. — Lviv : Lviv Politechnic Publishing House, 2024. — No 99. — P. 28–37. | |
dc.identifier.doi | doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2024.99.028 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/64018 | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.publisher | Видавництво Львівської політехніки | |
dc.publisher | Lviv Politechnic Publishing House | |
dc.relation.ispartof | Геодезія, картографія і аерофотознімання, 99, 2024 | |
dc.relation.ispartof | Geodesy, Cartography and Aerial Photography, 99, 2024 | |
dc.relation.references | Dach, R., Lutz, S., Walser, P., & Fridez, P. (2015). Bernese GNSS software version 5.2. https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.72297 | |
dc.relation.references | De Wilde, W., Sleewaegen, J. M., Bougard, B., Cuypers, G., Popugaev, A., Landmann, M., ... & Granados, G. S. (2018, September). Authentication by polarization: A powerful anti-spoofing method. In Proceedings of the 31st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2018) (pp. 3643–3658) URL: http://spcomnav.uab.es/docs/conferences/FANTASTIC_GNSS18-0248.pdf | |
dc.relation.references | EUREF Permanent GNSS Network. URL: https://epncb.oma.be/ (дата звернення: 01.03.2024). | |
dc.relation.references | Goward, Dana A. (July 11, 2017). “Mass GPS Spoofing Attack in Black Sea?”. The Maritime Executive. An apparent mass and blatant, GPS spoofing attack involving over 20 vessels in the Black Sea last month has navigation experts and maritime executives scratching their heads. URL: https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/mass-gps-spoofing-attack-in-black-sea | |
dc.relation.references | International GNSS Service. URL: https://igs.org/network-resources (дата звернення: 01.03.2024). | |
dc.relation.references | Ishchenko M.V (2009). Review of permanent GNSSstations networks. Astronomical School’s Report. 6 (9), 114–117. URL: http://astro.nau.edu.ua/papers/AstSR_2009_Vol_6_Iss_1_P_114.pdf (In Ukrainian). | |
dc.relation.references | Khoda, O. (2024). Propagation of the IGb14 Reference Frame on the Territory of Ukraine Based on Results of the Analysis of GNSS Observations for GPS Weeks 2106–2237. Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies, 40(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591324010057 | |
dc.relation.references | Khoda, O., & Ishchenko, M. (2021). Rapid daily processing of observation data at the Ukrainian permanent GNSS stations for monitoring of their stability. In International Conference of Young Professionals «GeoTerrace-2021» (Vol. 2021, No. 1, pp. 1–5). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20215K3014 | |
dc.relation.references | Lundberg, E., & Michael, I. (2018). Novel Timing Antennas for Improved GNSS Resilience. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, 45–58. https://doi.org/10.33012/2018.15625 | |
dc.relation.references | Meng L, Yang L, Yang W, Zhang L. (2022) A Survey of GNSS Spoofing and Anti-Spoofing Technology. Remote Sensing, 14(19):4826. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194826 | |
dc.relation.references | Novikova, O., Palamar, A., & Petkov, S. (2020, April). Operator service of GNSS networks of Ukraine. In The 12 th International scientific and practical conference “Impact of modernity on science and practice”, Edmonton, Canada. URL: https://isg-konf.com/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/XII-Conference-13-14-Edmonton-Canada.pdf (In Ukrainian) | |
dc.relation.references | Poisel, R. (2011). Modern communications jamming principles and techniques. Artech house. URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/2024614 | |
dc.relation.references | Psiaki, M. L., & Humphreys, T. E. (2016). GNSS spoofing and detection. Proceedings of the IEEE, 104(6), 1258–1270. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2526658. | |
dc.relation.references | Savchuk S. Practical aspects of the application of the new USK2000 reference system. International scientific and practical conference GEOFORUM-2012. Lviv-Yavoriv, Ukraine. URL: http://zgt.com.ua (in Ukrainian) | |
dc.relation.references | Skolnik, M. I. (1980). Introduction to radar systems(Vol. 3, pp. 81–92). New York: McGraw-hill. URL: https://soaneemrana.org/onewebmedia/INTRODUCATION%20TO%20RADAR%20SYSTEM%20BY%20MERRIL,%20I%20SKLOINK%20(4).pdf | |
dc.relation.references | Tretyak K., & Brusak I. (2022). Modern deformations of Earth crust of territory of Western Ukraine based on “GEOTERRACE” GNSS network data. Geodynamics, 32(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.23939/jgd2022.02.016 | |
dc.relation.references | Tretyak, K., Korliatovych, T., Brusak, I. (2021). Applying the statistical method of GNSS time series analysis for the detection of vertical displacements of Dnister HPP1 dam. In International Conference of Young Professionals “GeoTerrace-2021”. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.20215K3012 | |
dc.relation.references | Tretyak, K., Zayats, O., Hlotov V., Navodych M., & Brusak, I. (2022). Establishment of the automated system of geodetic monitoring for structures of Tereble-Ritska HPP. Geodesy, Cartography, and Aerial Photography, 95(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.027 | |
dc.relation.references | Ukrainian GNSS network (n. d.) Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Retrieved 01.03.2024, from: http://gnss.mao.kiev.ua/?q=node/1 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Dach, R., Lutz, S., Walser, P., & Fridez, P. (2015). Bernese GNSS software version 5.2. https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.72297 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | De Wilde, W., Sleewaegen, J. M., Bougard, B., Cuypers, G., Popugaev, A., Landmann, M., ... & Granados, G. S. (2018, September). Authentication by polarization: A powerful anti-spoofing method. In Proceedings of the 31st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2018) (pp. 3643–3658) URL: http://spcomnav.uab.es/docs/conferences/FANTASTIC_GNSS18-0248.pdf | |
dc.relation.referencesen | EUREF Permanent GNSS Network. URL: https://epncb.oma.be/ (Date of appeal: 01.03.2024). | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Goward, Dana A. (July 11, 2017). "Mass GPS Spoofing Attack in Black Sea?". The Maritime Executive. An apparent mass and blatant, GPS spoofing attack involving over 20 vessels in the Black Sea last month has navigation experts and maritime executives scratching their heads. URL: https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/mass-gps-spoofing-attack-in-black-sea | |
dc.relation.referencesen | International GNSS Service. URL: https://igs.org/network-resources (Date of appeal: 01.03.2024). | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Ishchenko M.V (2009). Review of permanent GNSSstations networks. Astronomical School’s Report. 6 (9), 114–117. URL: http://astro.nau.edu.ua/papers/AstSR_2009_Vol_6_Iss_1_P_114.pdf (In Ukrainian). | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Khoda, O. (2024). Propagation of the IGb14 Reference Frame on the Territory of Ukraine Based on Results of the Analysis of GNSS Observations for GPS Weeks 2106–2237. Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies, 40(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591324010057 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Khoda, O., & Ishchenko, M. (2021). Rapid daily processing of observation data at the Ukrainian permanent GNSS stations for monitoring of their stability. In International Conference of Young Professionals "GeoTerrace-2021" (Vol. 2021, No. 1, pp. 1–5). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20215K3014 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Lundberg, E., & Michael, I. (2018). Novel Timing Antennas for Improved GNSS Resilience. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, 45–58. https://doi.org/10.33012/2018.15625 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Meng L, Yang L, Yang W, Zhang L. (2022) A Survey of GNSS Spoofing and Anti-Spoofing Technology. Remote Sensing, 14(19):4826. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194826 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Novikova, O., Palamar, A., & Petkov, S. (2020, April). Operator service of GNSS networks of Ukraine. In The 12 th International scientific and practical conference "Impact of modernity on science and practice", Edmonton, Canada. URL: https://isg-konf.com/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/XII-Conference-13-14-Edmonton-Canada.pdf (In Ukrainian) | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Poisel, R. (2011). Modern communications jamming principles and techniques. Artech house. URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/2024614 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Psiaki, M. L., & Humphreys, T. E. (2016). GNSS spoofing and detection. Proceedings of the IEEE, 104(6), 1258–1270. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2526658. | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Savchuk S. Practical aspects of the application of the new USK2000 reference system. International scientific and practical conference GEOFORUM-2012. Lviv-Yavoriv, Ukraine. URL: http://zgt.com.ua (in Ukrainian) | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Skolnik, M. I. (1980). Introduction to radar systems(Vol. 3, pp. 81–92). New York: McGraw-hill. URL: https://soaneemrana.org/onewebmedia/INTRODUCATION%20TO%20RADAR%20SYSTEM%20BY%20MERRIL,%20I%20SKLOINK%20(4).pdf | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Tretyak K., & Brusak I. (2022). Modern deformations of Earth crust of territory of Western Ukraine based on "GEOTERRACE" GNSS network data. Geodynamics, 32(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.23939/jgd2022.02.016 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Tretyak, K., Korliatovych, T., Brusak, I. (2021). Applying the statistical method of GNSS time series analysis for the detection of vertical displacements of Dnister HPP1 dam. In International Conference of Young Professionals "GeoTerrace-2021". European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.20215K3012 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Tretyak, K., Zayats, O., Hlotov V., Navodych M., & Brusak, I. (2022). Establishment of the automated system of geodetic monitoring for structures of Tereble-Ritska HPP. Geodesy, Cartography, and Aerial Photography, 95(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.027 | |
dc.relation.referencesen | Ukrainian GNSS network (n. d.) Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Retrieved 01.03.2024, from: http://gnss.mao.kiev.ua/?q=node/1 | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.72297 | |
dc.relation.uri | http://spcomnav.uab.es/docs/conferences/FANTASTIC_GNSS18-0248.pdf | |
dc.relation.uri | https://epncb.oma.be/ | |
dc.relation.uri | https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/mass-gps-spoofing-attack-in-black-sea | |
dc.relation.uri | https://igs.org/network-resources | |
dc.relation.uri | http://astro.nau.edu.ua/papers/AstSR_2009_Vol_6_Iss_1_P_114.pdf | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591324010057 | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20215K3014 | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.33012/2018.15625 | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194826 | |
dc.relation.uri | https://isg-konf.com/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/XII-Conference-13-14-Edmonton-Canada.pdf | |
dc.relation.uri | https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/2024614 | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2526658 | |
dc.relation.uri | http://zgt.com.ua | |
dc.relation.uri | https://soaneemrana.org/onewebmedia/INTRODUCATION%20TO%20RADAR%20SYSTEM%20BY%20MERRIL,%20I%20SKLOINK%20(4).pdf | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.23939/jgd2022.02.016 | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.027 | |
dc.relation.uri | http://gnss.mao.kiev.ua/?q=node/1 | |
dc.rights.holder | © Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, 2024 | |
dc.subject | активні перманентні ГНСС-станції | |
dc.subject | ГНСС-мережі | |
dc.subject | Україна | |
dc.subject | опрацювання ГНСС-даних | |
dc.subject | ГНСС-мережа GeoTerrace | |
dc.subject | ГНСС-мережа System.NET | |
dc.subject | радіоелектронне подавлення ГНСС-сигналу | |
dc.subject | ГНССспуфінг | |
dc.subject | Continuously Operating Reference Stations | |
dc.subject | GNSS networks | |
dc.subject | Ukraine | |
dc.subject | GNSS data processing | |
dc.subject | GeoTerrace GNSS network | |
dc.subject | System.NET GNSS network | |
dc.subject | electromagnetic warfare of GNSS signal | |
dc.subject | GNSS spoofing | |
dc.subject.udc | 528.2 | |
dc.subject.udc | 528.3 | |
dc.title | New challenges for exploitation of continuously operating reference GNSS stations during hostilities. Case study of Ukraine | |
dc.title.alternative | Нові виклики для функціонування активних перманентних ГНСС-станцій під час бойових дій на прикладі України | |
dc.type | Article |
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