Buran Minaret as a symbol of the Chui Valley of Kyrgyzstan

dc.citation.epage114
dc.citation.issue1
dc.citation.journalTitleАрхітектурні дослідження
dc.citation.spage104
dc.citation.volume10
dc.contributor.affiliationКиргизький державний технічний університет ім. І. Раззакова
dc.contributor.affiliationКиргизький національний університет ім. Ж. Баласагина
dc.contributor.affiliationKyrgyz State Technical University named after I. Razzakov
dc.contributor.affiliationKyrgyz National University named after J. Balasagyn
dc.contributor.authorІманкулов, Джумамедель
dc.contributor.authorФенг, Хе
dc.contributor.authorЦзин, Тянь
dc.contributor.authorФілатова, Тетяна
dc.contributor.authorАкматова, Айгерім
dc.contributor.authorImankulov, Dzhumamedel
dc.contributor.authorFeng, He
dc.contributor.authorJing, Tian
dc.contributor.authorFilatova, Tatyana
dc.contributor.authorAkmatova, Aigerim
dc.coverage.placenameЛьвів
dc.coverage.placenameLviv
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-14T07:15:29Z
dc.date.created2024-02-27
dc.date.issued2024-02-27
dc.description.abstractЦе дослідження має актуальність, оскільки вивчення архітектурних особливостей Мінарету Бурана та його ролі у збереженні ідентичності регіону є ключовим для збереження історичної та культурної спадщини в умовах сучасної глобальної культурної динаміки. Метою даного дослідження було провести аналіз архітектурної значущості Мінарету Бурана в контексті культурної спадщини Чуйської долини та його впливу на формування історії регіону. Дослідження включало комплексний методологічний підхід, що поєднує археологічні, історичні, культурологічні та соціологічні методи. Отримані результати засвідчили унікальність архітектурних рішень, застосованих при зведенні Мінарету Бурана. Орнаментальні рельєфні пояси, що прикрашають стовбур мінарету, являють собою технічно складні конструкції, що відрізняються високим рівнем майстерності. Ретельна увага до деталей і вишуканість орнаментальних мотивів підкреслюють, що кожен елемент архітектури мінарету був створений з вишуканістю і турботою про деталі, відображаючи високий рівень навичок і відданість древніх будівельників. Арочні ніші восьмигранного цоколя, декоровані рельєфним цегляним орнаментом, також є візуальним вираженням художньої краси мінарету. Збереження орнаментів на трьох поясах демонструє їхню значущість як історичної та культурної спадщини. Використання різноманітних матеріалів і технік кладки, включно зі звичайною будівельною цеглою, надає автентичності та унікальності цій архітектурній пам’ятці. Також, отримані результати підтвердили, що Мінарет Бурана відіграє ключову роль для Чуйської долини на історичному, культурному, релігійному та туристичному рівнях. Його історичне значення виражається через зв’язок з різними періодами регіону, а також його символічну значущість для культури та релігії, приваблюючи тисячі туристів своєю історичною та архітектурною значущістю. Отримані висновки мають важливе практичне значення для збереження історичної та культурної спадщини регіону. Вони розширюють розуміння архітектурних і технічних здобутків стародавніх майстрів, наголошуючи на необхідності збереження та реставрації унікальних архітектурних споруд, таких як Мінарет Бурана.
dc.description.abstractThe research relevance is determined by the study of the architectural features of the Buran Minaret and its role in preserving the region’s identity is key to the preservation of historical and cultural heritage in today’s global cultural dynamics. The study aims to analyse the architectural significance of the Buran Minaret in the context of the cultural heritage of the Chui Valley and its influence on the formation of the region’s history. The research involved a comprehensive methodological approach combining archaeological, historical, cultural and sociological methods. The results obtained have shown the uniqueness of the architectural solutions used in the construction of the Buran Minaret. The ornamental relief belts that adorn the minaret’s trunk are technically complex structures of a high level of craftsmanship. The meticulous attention to detail and sophistication of the ornamental motifs emphasise that each element of the minaret’s architecture was created with refinement and care for detail, reflecting the high level of skill and dedication of the ancient builders. The arched niches of the octagonal plinth, decorated with relief brick ornamentation, are also a visual expression of the minaret’s artistic beauty. The preservation of the ornaments on the three belts demonstrates their significance as a historical and cultural heritage. The use of a variety of materials and masonry techniques, including ordinary building bricks, adds authenticity and uniqueness to this architectural monument. The findings also confirmed that the Buran Minaret plays a key role in the Chui Valley on the historical, cultural, religious and tourist levels. Its historical significance is expressed through its connection to different periods of the region, as well as its symbolic significance for culture and religion, attracting thousands of tourists for its historical and architectural significance. The findings have important practical implications for the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage of the region. They broaden the understanding of the architectural and technical achievements of ancient masters, emphasising the need to preserve and restore unique architectural structures such as the Buran Minaret.
dc.format.extent104-114
dc.format.pages11
dc.identifier.citationBuran Minaret as a symbol of the Chui Valley of Kyrgyzstan / Dzhumamedel Imankulov, He Feng, Tian Jing, Tatyana Filatova, Aigerim Akmatova // Architectural Studies. — Lviv : Lviv Politechnic Publishing House, 2024. — Vol 10. — No 1. — P. 104–114.
dc.identifier.citationenBuran Minaret as a symbol of the Chui Valley of Kyrgyzstan / Dzhumamedel Imankulov, He Feng, Tian Jing, Tatyana Filatova, Aigerim Akmatova // Architectural Studies. — Lviv : Lviv Politechnic Publishing House, 2024. — Vol 10. — No 1. — P. 104–114.
dc.identifier.doidoi.org/10.56318/as/1.2024.104
dc.identifier.urihttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/64553
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherВидавництво Львівської політехніки
dc.publisherLviv Politechnic Publishing House
dc.relation.ispartofАрхітектурні дослідження, 1 (10), 2024
dc.relation.ispartofArchitectural Studies, 1 (10), 2024
dc.relation.references[1] Abo-Egila, H. (2021). The remaining minarets of the remains in the city of Cairo. Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality, 21(4), 194-211. doi: 10.21608/jaauth.2021.97904.1244.
dc.relation.references[2] Alajmi, M., & Al-Haroun, Y. (2022). An architectural analytical study of contemporary minaret design in Kuwait. Journal of Engineering Research, 10(1A), 48-66. doi: 10.36909/jer.14523.
dc.relation.references[3] Al-Ghazali, K., & Al-Wazni, S. (2023). Investigation and parametric study of a masonry bricks minaret structure under vibration. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2775(1), article number 020017. doi: 10.1063/5.0140864.
dc.relation.references[4] ALMagraby, Y., & El Attar, R. (2021). The symbolism of contemporary mosques minarets between the content and the heritage. Mansoura Engineering Journal, 46(4), article number 11. doi: 10.21608/bfemu.2021.209664.
dc.relation.references[5] Al-Omari, A., & Khattab, S.I.A. (2020). Al-Hadba Minaret, a contribution in characterizing of its brick. Key Engineering Materials, 857, 48-55. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.857.48.
dc.relation.references[6] Amrane, S., & Khalfallah, B. (2023). The minaret: Between the constancy of the element and the change of use. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 9(3), 93-104. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20230903.14.
dc.relation.references[7] Archaeological-architectural complex “Buran Tower”. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.kyrnatcom.unesco.kz/culture/burana.htm.
dc.relation.references[8] Arslan, H. (2022). Samarkand: Cultural and scientific center of Central Asia. Afro Eurasian Studies, 8(2), 186-198. doi: 10.33722/afes.1095356.
dc.relation.references[9] Astrini, W., Santosa, H., & Martiningrum, I. (2020). The characteristic of minaret based on community preference for the composition of mosque architecture in Malang city. In Proceedings of the international conference of heritage & culture in integrated rural-urban context (HUNIAN 2019) (pp. 112-118). London: Atlantis Press. doi: 10.2991/aer.k.200729.018.
dc.relation.references[10] Aymelek, A., Yanik, Yu., Demirtaş, B., Yildirim, Ö., Çalik, İ., & Türker, T. (2023). Full-scale structural evaluations of İskenderpaşa minaret. Structures, 55, 1028-1044. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2023.06.055.
dc.relation.references[11] Bakri, M., & Rahmi, M. (2023). Student’s perception towards the mosque’s physical identity in Banda Aceh. Bayt ElHikmah: Journal of Islamic Architecture and Locality, 1(2), 92-99.
dc.relation.references[12] Bardik, M. (2023). Variations in the Byzantine artistic tradition in Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra churches’ painting in 1890-1910s. Notes on Art Criticism, 43, 26-32. doi: 10.32461/2226-2180.43.2023.286831.
dc.relation.references[13] Benjamin, C. (2018). Soviet Central Asia and the preservation of history. Humanities, 7(3), article number 73. doi: 10.3390/h7030073.
dc.relation.references[14] Buran Tower minaret. (2019). Retrieved from https://silkadv.com/en/content/burana-tower-minaret.
dc.relation.references[15] Chotaeva, Ch. (2021). Geography of Kyrgyzstan: Lectures for students of undergraduate educational programs. Bishkek: Neo Print.
dc.relation.references[16] Construction norms and rules of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.giss.kg/files/SNiP%20KR%2012-02-17.%20Organization%20of%20building.pdf.
dc.relation.references[17] Engvall, J. (2020). Religion and the secular state in Kyrgyzstan. Washington: American Foreign Policy Council.
dc.relation.references[18] Farrag, E.M. (2023). Changes in mosques’ architecture design between functionalism and symbolism. In M. Fekry, M.A. Mohamed, A. Visvizi, A. Ibrahim & L.F. Ghamri (Eds.), Mosque architecture: A transdisciplinary debate. Advances in science, technology & innovation (pp. 63-72). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-24751-4_8.
dc.relation.references[19] Hadrovic, A. (2024). The symbolism of the minaret designed by the architect Ahmet Hadrovic. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 6(8), 105-115.
dc.relation.references[20] Hagras, H. (2023). The initial architectural shape of the Guangta minaret: Textual and architectural study. Shedet, 10(10), 207-226.
dc.relation.references[21] Hillenbrand, R. (2021). The multiple faces of restoration in the medieval Islamic architecture of Central Asia. In The making of Islamic art (pp. 71-116). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. doi: 10.1515/9781474434300-010.
dc.relation.references[22] İbrahimgil, A., & Kudumovic, L. (2023). Architectural peculiarities of the wooden minarets in Balkans region: Examples of Montenegro. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning, 11(2), 283-296.
dc.relation.references[23] Kamal, M.A. (2021). Minarets as a vital element of Indo-Islamic architecture: Evolution and morphology. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 6(3), 203-209. doi: 10.18860/jia.v6i3.7711.
dc.relation.references[24] Kerimkhulle, S., Koishybayeva, M., Slanbekova, A., Alimova, Zh., Baizakov, N., & Azieva, G. (2023). Created and realization of a demographic population model for a small city. Proceedings on Engineering Sciences, 5(3), 383-390. doi: 10.24874/PES05.03.003.
dc.relation.references[25] Kulözü, N. (2021). Determining urban identity of a historical city from inhabitants’ perspective: Erzurum, a case from Asia minor. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 13(2), 46-63. doi: 10.9734/ARJASS/2021/v13i230213.
dc.relation.references[26] Lali, M., & Arefi, R. (2020). Danger of falling “Minaret of Jam” in Ghur Province of Afghanistan and overview of Jam-Minaret. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 4(4), 238-243.
dc.relation.references[27] Lee, Y., & Jayakumar, R. (2021). Economic impact of UNESCO Global Geoparks on local communities: Comparative analysis of three UNESCO Global Geoparks in Asia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(2), 189-198. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.002.
dc.relation.references[28] Massoud, H.M. (2020). The minaret: A reassessment of architectural function and religious value, in light of modern technology. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 48(3), 406-420. doi: 10.21608/JESAUN.2020.107708.
dc.relation.references[29] Nasim, S. (2021). Abstraction and symbolism in Faisal Mosque: As unusual architectural decoration in South Asia. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 58(4), 1-7.
dc.relation.references[30] Osievska, Yu. (2022). Cultural heritage as a driver of social-cultural development on the modern stage: Regional model effectiveness. Culture and Contemporaneity, 1, 99-105. doi: 10.32461/2226-0285.1.2022.262578.
dc.relation.references[31] Pouraminian, M. (2022). Multi-hazard reliability assessment of historical brick minarets. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 7(1), article number 10. doi: 10.1007/s41024-021-00148-9.
dc.relation.references[32] Prychepii, Ye. (2022). Structures of the cosmos and sacred sets on the artefact of the paleolithic. Interdisciplinary Cultural and Humanities Review, 1(1), 30-39.
dc.relation.references[33] Rashid, M. (2020). Islamic architecture: An architecture of the ephemeral. Retrieved from https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/30156.
dc.relation.references[34] Roshdy, M. (2018). The complex of Chor Bakr in Bukhara: An archeological and architectural study. Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, 8(1), 53-58. doi: 10.21608/ejars.2018.13909.
dc.relation.references[35] The statesman’s yearbook: Kyrgyzstan. (2020). London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/978-1-349-95940-2_108.
dc.relation.references[36] Wang, S. (2021). The Silk Roads: A case study in serial transboundary protection and management of cultural heritage. (Doctoral thesis, University College London, London, England).
dc.relation.references[37] Xasan, A.S. (2023). Conservation and use of memorial monuments of Surkhondarya region. Journal of New Century Innovations, 22(4), 86-88.
dc.relation.references[38] Zhylankozova, A. (2018). Towards the Silk Road economic zone initiative: Historical perspective. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(2), 548-557. doi: 10.9770/jesi.2018.6.2(6).
dc.relation.referencesen[1] Abo-Egila, H. (2021). The remaining minarets of the remains in the city of Cairo. Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality, 21(4), 194-211. doi: 10.21608/jaauth.2021.97904.1244.
dc.relation.referencesen[2] Alajmi, M., & Al-Haroun, Y. (2022). An architectural analytical study of contemporary minaret design in Kuwait. Journal of Engineering Research, 10(1A), 48-66. doi: 10.36909/jer.14523.
dc.relation.referencesen[3] Al-Ghazali, K., & Al-Wazni, S. (2023). Investigation and parametric study of a masonry bricks minaret structure under vibration. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2775(1), article number 020017. doi: 10.1063/5.0140864.
dc.relation.referencesen[4] ALMagraby, Y., & El Attar, R. (2021). The symbolism of contemporary mosques minarets between the content and the heritage. Mansoura Engineering Journal, 46(4), article number 11. doi: 10.21608/bfemu.2021.209664.
dc.relation.referencesen[5] Al-Omari, A., & Khattab, S.I.A. (2020). Al-Hadba Minaret, a contribution in characterizing of its brick. Key Engineering Materials, 857, 48-55. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.857.48.
dc.relation.referencesen[6] Amrane, S., & Khalfallah, B. (2023). The minaret: Between the constancy of the element and the change of use. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 9(3), 93-104. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20230903.14.
dc.relation.referencesen[7] Archaeological-architectural complex "Buran Tower". (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.kyrnatcom.unesco.kz/culture/burana.htm.
dc.relation.referencesen[8] Arslan, H. (2022). Samarkand: Cultural and scientific center of Central Asia. Afro Eurasian Studies, 8(2), 186-198. doi: 10.33722/afes.1095356.
dc.relation.referencesen[9] Astrini, W., Santosa, H., & Martiningrum, I. (2020). The characteristic of minaret based on community preference for the composition of mosque architecture in Malang city. In Proceedings of the international conference of heritage & culture in integrated rural-urban context (HUNIAN 2019) (pp. 112-118). London: Atlantis Press. doi: 10.2991/aer.k.200729.018.
dc.relation.referencesen[10] Aymelek, A., Yanik, Yu., Demirtaş, B., Yildirim, Ö., Çalik, İ., & Türker, T. (2023). Full-scale structural evaluations of İskenderpaşa minaret. Structures, 55, 1028-1044. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2023.06.055.
dc.relation.referencesen[11] Bakri, M., & Rahmi, M. (2023). Student’s perception towards the mosque’s physical identity in Banda Aceh. Bayt ElHikmah: Journal of Islamic Architecture and Locality, 1(2), 92-99.
dc.relation.referencesen[12] Bardik, M. (2023). Variations in the Byzantine artistic tradition in Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra churches’ painting in 1890-1910s. Notes on Art Criticism, 43, 26-32. doi: 10.32461/2226-2180.43.2023.286831.
dc.relation.referencesen[13] Benjamin, C. (2018). Soviet Central Asia and the preservation of history. Humanities, 7(3), article number 73. doi: 10.3390/h7030073.
dc.relation.referencesen[14] Buran Tower minaret. (2019). Retrieved from https://silkadv.com/en/content/burana-tower-minaret.
dc.relation.referencesen[15] Chotaeva, Ch. (2021). Geography of Kyrgyzstan: Lectures for students of undergraduate educational programs. Bishkek: Neo Print.
dc.relation.referencesen[16] Construction norms and rules of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.giss.kg/files/SNiP%20KR%2012-02-17.%20Organization%20of%20building.pdf.
dc.relation.referencesen[17] Engvall, J. (2020). Religion and the secular state in Kyrgyzstan. Washington: American Foreign Policy Council.
dc.relation.referencesen[18] Farrag, E.M. (2023). Changes in mosques’ architecture design between functionalism and symbolism. In M. Fekry, M.A. Mohamed, A. Visvizi, A. Ibrahim & L.F. Ghamri (Eds.), Mosque architecture: A transdisciplinary debate. Advances in science, technology & innovation (pp. 63-72). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-24751-4_8.
dc.relation.referencesen[19] Hadrovic, A. (2024). The symbolism of the minaret designed by the architect Ahmet Hadrovic. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 6(8), 105-115.
dc.relation.referencesen[20] Hagras, H. (2023). The initial architectural shape of the Guangta minaret: Textual and architectural study. Shedet, 10(10), 207-226.
dc.relation.referencesen[21] Hillenbrand, R. (2021). The multiple faces of restoration in the medieval Islamic architecture of Central Asia. In The making of Islamic art (pp. 71-116). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. doi: 10.1515/9781474434300-010.
dc.relation.referencesen[22] İbrahimgil, A., & Kudumovic, L. (2023). Architectural peculiarities of the wooden minarets in Balkans region: Examples of Montenegro. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning, 11(2), 283-296.
dc.relation.referencesen[23] Kamal, M.A. (2021). Minarets as a vital element of Indo-Islamic architecture: Evolution and morphology. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 6(3), 203-209. doi: 10.18860/jia.v6i3.7711.
dc.relation.referencesen[24] Kerimkhulle, S., Koishybayeva, M., Slanbekova, A., Alimova, Zh., Baizakov, N., & Azieva, G. (2023). Created and realization of a demographic population model for a small city. Proceedings on Engineering Sciences, 5(3), 383-390. doi: 10.24874/PES05.03.003.
dc.relation.referencesen[25] Kulözü, N. (2021). Determining urban identity of a historical city from inhabitants’ perspective: Erzurum, a case from Asia minor. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 13(2), 46-63. doi: 10.9734/ARJASS/2021/v13i230213.
dc.relation.referencesen[26] Lali, M., & Arefi, R. (2020). Danger of falling "Minaret of Jam" in Ghur Province of Afghanistan and overview of Jam-Minaret. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 4(4), 238-243.
dc.relation.referencesen[27] Lee, Y., & Jayakumar, R. (2021). Economic impact of UNESCO Global Geoparks on local communities: Comparative analysis of three UNESCO Global Geoparks in Asia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(2), 189-198. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.002.
dc.relation.referencesen[28] Massoud, H.M. (2020). The minaret: A reassessment of architectural function and religious value, in light of modern technology. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 48(3), 406-420. doi: 10.21608/JESAUN.2020.107708.
dc.relation.referencesen[29] Nasim, S. (2021). Abstraction and symbolism in Faisal Mosque: As unusual architectural decoration in South Asia. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 58(4), 1-7.
dc.relation.referencesen[30] Osievska, Yu. (2022). Cultural heritage as a driver of social-cultural development on the modern stage: Regional model effectiveness. Culture and Contemporaneity, 1, 99-105. doi: 10.32461/2226-0285.1.2022.262578.
dc.relation.referencesen[31] Pouraminian, M. (2022). Multi-hazard reliability assessment of historical brick minarets. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 7(1), article number 10. doi: 10.1007/s41024-021-00148-9.
dc.relation.referencesen[32] Prychepii, Ye. (2022). Structures of the cosmos and sacred sets on the artefact of the paleolithic. Interdisciplinary Cultural and Humanities Review, 1(1), 30-39.
dc.relation.referencesen[33] Rashid, M. (2020). Islamic architecture: An architecture of the ephemeral. Retrieved from https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/30156.
dc.relation.referencesen[34] Roshdy, M. (2018). The complex of Chor Bakr in Bukhara: An archeological and architectural study. Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, 8(1), 53-58. doi: 10.21608/ejars.2018.13909.
dc.relation.referencesen[35] The statesman’s yearbook: Kyrgyzstan. (2020). London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/978-1-349-95940-2_108.
dc.relation.referencesen[36] Wang, S. (2021). The Silk Roads: A case study in serial transboundary protection and management of cultural heritage. (Doctoral thesis, University College London, London, England).
dc.relation.referencesen[37] Xasan, A.S. (2023). Conservation and use of memorial monuments of Surkhondarya region. Journal of New Century Innovations, 22(4), 86-88.
dc.relation.referencesen[38] Zhylankozova, A. (2018). Towards the Silk Road economic zone initiative: Historical perspective. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(2), 548-557. doi: 10.9770/jesi.2018.6.2(6).
dc.relation.urihttp://www.kyrnatcom.unesco.kz/culture/burana.htm
dc.relation.urihttps://silkadv.com/en/content/burana-tower-minaret
dc.relation.urihttp://www.giss.kg/files/SNiP%20KR%2012-02-17.%20Organization%20of%20building.pdf
dc.relation.urihttps://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/30156
dc.rights.holder© Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, 2024
dc.subjectкультурна спадщина
dc.subjectархітектурні споруди
dc.subjectісторичний об’єкт
dc.subjectісламська ідентичність
dc.subjectпам’ятка мусульман
dc.subjectcultural heritage
dc.subjectarchitectural structures
dc.subjecthistorical site
dc.subjectIslamic identity
dc.subjectMuslim monument
dc.subject.udc725.94
dc.titleBuran Minaret as a symbol of the Chui Valley of Kyrgyzstan
dc.title.alternativeМінарет Бурана як символ Чуйської долини Киргизстану
dc.typeArticle

Files

Original bundle

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Name:
2024v10n1_Imankulov_D-Buran_Minaret_as_a_symbol_104-114.pdf
Size:
1.68 MB
Format:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Name:
2024v10n1_Imankulov_D-Buran_Minaret_as_a_symbol_104-114__COVER.png
Size:
971.54 KB
Format:
Portable Network Graphics

License bundle

Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Name:
license.txt
Size:
1.94 KB
Format:
Plain Text
Description: