Житлова політика європейських країн. Огляд міських практик

Abstract

Житловий сектор є одним із найважливіших складових соціально-економічного розвитку європейських країн, розвиток якого безпосередньо пов’язаний зі сформованою житловою політикою. У статті аналізуються житлові політики європейських країн. Метою даного дослідження є огляд загальних практик формування житлового сектору та визначення моделей його функціонування. У статті розглядаються загальні умови житлової політики в кожній країні, включаючи їх історичний розвиток, інституційні рамки, а також інструменти, що застосовуються при створенні.

Housing policy is one of the most relevant topics in the study of today's world. Ukraine currently lacks regulation of housing development as a state policy, which creates a gap between legislative and regulatory regulation of this aspect. The resulting gap creates ample opportunities for the private real estate market and at the same time alienates the end user, the resident, from his or her right to housing. In European countries, the "right for a home" has a similar status to the Ukrainian one, but the "housing issue" is one of the key issues in the policies of the states. Generally, housing policies in European countries are focused on social support of their citizens. This is where the main difference in the form of "social housing" arises, which can have a different form, model or even name, depending on the specifics of the country. In the current Ukrainian context, the housing issue is a direct aspect of the post-war reconstruction of the country. The article examines the housing policies of European countries and urban practices of forming local housing policies. The analysis focuses on the development and functioning of housing models in European cities. The study also includes the architectural and social aspects of housing models. The article considers external sources and studies, in particular Griffith, Jepma and Savini (2022), Glaser, (2017), Schindler, (2021), Förster and Menking (2017), Altreiter and Litschauer, (2022), Hamiduddin and Gallent (2016), Bican (2020), and analyzes local programs (policies), analytical reports on housing construction and statistics on the quantitative characteristics of housing stocks. The review of housing policies of the studied countries provides an opportunity to analyze the current context of the housing issue in the European space. Most of these countries have common features of the housing sector. For example, most of the policies reviewed have a common process of policy-making. In all cases, the influence of local authorities in shaping local housing policy is significant. All of the examples reviewed have in common the advocacy of the quality of architecture and, as a result, the living environment and the widespread use of architectural competitions. It should be noted that the housing policies of the studied countries demonstrate the importance of a joint and comprehensive approach to housing issues, based on common socially oriented principles.