Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації. – 2015. – №818
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/30490
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Item Титульний аркуш до Вісника "Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації, № 818(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2003)Item Модель маршрутизації у телекомунікаційній мережі з використаннім шляхів, що перетинаються за вузлами(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Єременко, О. С.; Андрушко, Д. В.Запропоновано розв’язання актуальної наукової та практичної задачі, пов’язаної з розробленням потокової моделі багатошляхової маршрутизації за шляхами, що перетинаються за вузлами, в телекомунікаційній мережі. Запропонована модель є подальшим розвитком відомої моделі багатошляхової маршрутизації на підставі введення в її структуру нелінійних обмежень, які відповідають за розрахунок шляхів, що перетинаються за вузлами. Результати моделювання підтвердили працездатність запропонованої потокової моделі багатошляхової маршрутизації за шляхами, що перетинаються за вузлами. Запропонована модель може використовуватись за умови забезпечення заданого рівня якості обслуговування, відмовостійкості та мережевої безпеки. In this article it was suggested a solution of topical scientific and practical problem associated with the development of flow-based model of multipath routing by overlapping by nodes paths within the Telecommunication Network (TCN). The model is a further development of the well known multipath routing model based on the introduction to the structure of non-linear constraints responsible for the calculation of routes that intersect at nodes. It is possible to obtain the order of multipath routing by overlapping by nodes paths in the solution of nonlinear programming problem with given objective function, linear constraints and nonlinear terms. Search for a compromise on the providing fault-tolerance and security, on the one hand, and quality of service, on the other, led to the fact that in some important cases the requirements for overlapping paths can be slightly reduced and it is allowable to use paths overlapping, for example, only by TCN nodes. In these routes not only sender and receiver are common, but some transit nodes, anyway they do not contain the shared communication links. This is relevant in the case when, for example, the place of failures is radio channel. Moreover, the operational reliability of node, which operates on the basis of modern switching equipment, can meet the availability factor 0.99999. Another example is the fact that the wireless radio channel of TCN is also a major source of compromise of data transmitted on OSI physical layer. That is exactly in such cases where the failures and/or compromise is inclined links, but not nodes of TCN, it is advisable to use overlapping by nodes paths, because it can lead to increased network performance with providing the same level of fault-tolerance or security as using the non-overlapping paths. Simulation results confirmed the efficiency of the proposed model of multipath routing with overlapping by nodes paths. Among the advantages of the proposed model of multipath routing with overlapping by nodes paths, one can distinguish the fact that with the same parameters of security and fault-tolerance can be achieved higher performance and quality of service parameters in TCN in a whole. The model can find its use at providing a required level of quality of service, fault-tolerance and network security. In addition, that kind of models can be the basis of relevant routing protocols.Item Визначення області допустимих параметрів фільтрів у модифікованому детекторі сигналів із квадратурною модуляцією(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Бобало, Ю. Я.; Бондарєв, А. П.; Максимів, І. П.У роботі описано результати імітаційного моделювання у програмі Matlab приймання сигналів з квадратурними видами модуляції, зокрема OQPSK, за умови використання модифікованого детектора фазомодульованих сигналів. У результатах наведено залежності відношення сигнал/шум до ймовірності появи бітової помилки модифікованого детектора та класичного детектора, на основі чого зроблено висновки щодо його ефективності. This paper describes the Matlab simulation results of receiving signals with quadrature modulation, such as OQPSK, using modified phase detector. As the result, the BER-to-SNR diagrams were presented for modified and classical detector. The conclusions about its effectiveness were made. There are new methods of modulation signals that allow effective use of the frequency band, and communication systems (eg. trunking) that can effectively distribute the network traffic. However, further development of communication systems is limited by threshold SNR, which is one of the determining factors for the calculation of the capacity of the channel. This paper shows the possibility of increasing noise immunity and capacity of modern cellular communication systems and trunking communication without increasing transmitter power. The improved PLL resistance to noise without changing of dynamic properties is implemented using a modified synchronous phase detector. The proposed scheme of modified PLL device differs from the classical analogue by the narrow band pass filters, placed before the detector, and high-band filter after it. The simulation processes of detection OQPSK signals which were used in modern systems such as cdma2000 were made. For as close as possible to the real analogue, the phase detector in imitation model was implemented with levelling filters. These filters are used in communication systems to reduce intersymbol interference that occurs in the digital channel. Research was carried out for the case of signal detection by classical and modified detectors. The aim of the research was to determine the bit-error rate (BER) in the received signal at a particular value of SNR. The obtained BER-to-SNR values for the classical phase detector were compared with similar ratios given in the open literature. The research results show that modified detector is more efficient than classical detector due to its higher noise immunity. As a result of simulation model of the modified detector research in Matlab program the recommendations for selecting detector filters parameters at high noise level were made. This makes possible to use them in the designing of modern phase demodulators. The modelling results show the potential for increasing the efficiency of existing cellular communications that use complex types of phase modulation with no additional energy costs. The results of modification using narrowband filters before detector of OQPSK signals can significantly improve its noise immunity and energy efficiency.Item Використання лінійних Max-plus моделей у задачах управління трафіком(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Лозинська, В. М.Запропоновано лінійні математичні моделі Max-plus механізмів та методів управління трафіком, як для мережевого вузла окремо (планувальник обслуговування черг буферів маршрутизатору), так і для усієї мережі (алгоритми маршрутизації). Моделі, що подані, дають змогу підвищити ефективність оцінки параметрів якості, оскільки в них враховано основні параметри трафіку, що надходить. Також запропоновані математичні моделі відтворюють динаміку роботи планувальника в просторі станів, а перехід до базису Max-plus алгебри дає змогу отримати задані оцінки з урахуванням необхідних параметрів якості обслуговування. Development of next generation networks concept let to reconfigure the most of existing traffic controls at telecommunication node. Necessity of its modification causes of low efficient network resources usage. Among of frequently used traffic controls at telecommunication node are service queues schedulers. This is due to traffic “conditioning” feature and as result opportunity of decreasing data lost level. For modern telecommunication devices most common are schedulers with fair and hybrid queue servicing. Limitation of existing algorithms can be explained by it static character at the same time with dynamic changing character of incoming traffic and it non-controllability. For modification of these algorithms, formalized an optimization problem, limitations of which are quality of service parameters. Also being of more than one queue at one network device suggests packet service synchronization. All these tasks can be solved with two ways, presented in the paper: discrete-event models and Max-plus algebra linear models. For every model was find state space equations by conversion into Maxplus algebra basis. Control functions in represented models execute vectors of incoming request delays and requests’ service time. The solving of the given optimization problem is in finding of adjustments vector, which in fact shows the required queue buffer space size for every computing cycle. Thus, in represented article for the first time the max-plus algebra applications is showed for the solving traffic management tasks.Item Організація управління в багатоетапних системах масового обслуговування(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Скулиш, М. А.; Суліма, С. В.Розглянуто проблеми систем з кількома етапами, кількома типами ресурсів, кількома типами сервісів. Представлено метод динамічного управління ресурсами для багатоетапних систем, що використовує гнучку аналітичну модель для визначення кількості ресурсів, яку необхідно виділити для кожного етапу системи. The problem of growth of the mobile data traffic and the number of services becomes global, moreover, volume and frequency of control traffic transmitted through the network are increasing, and therefore there is a need for its effective management to ensure the quality of service required by users and optimal use of mobile network resources. In such circumstances, the load on the server that is created in the process of establishing the connection and its serving has its considerations. Wide range of modern information communication systems implies stagewise processing of incoming requests. In response to a request such systems perform a sequence of data processing actions, including, in general, number of steps. Likewise the billing system of mobile telecommunication operator involves performing succession of operations. Each service provided by the operator or service provider to the customers is charged using a distinct scheme, thus a billing system is a bottleneck in the service provisioning. This paper is devoted to the problems of multiple stage multiple resource multiple service systems. Dynamic resource provisioning in multi-stage systems is a useful technique for handling the variations seen in communication systems workloads. Virtualization technology allows to implement this approach. It is non-trivial to extend provisioning mechanisms designed for single-stage scenarios to multi-stage scenarios. Classical approaches may merely shift the bottleneck to another downstream stage. For another thing, in the networks various stages may be located on the same physical machine, and thus it is necessary to consider a common pool of the resources. An analytic model of a system would be attractive as it would be able to evaluate system characteristics under a wide range of conditions, and to be computed comparatively easily. It is also can incorporate numerical optimization techniques for system design. Moreover, there is a need in formulation and solving of the multi-criteria problem of resource allocation among different nodes with consideration for beside the failure probability other criteria – such as the cost of utilization of additional amount of resources (i.e. cost of activation of the additional server) or benefit from the certain service provisioning and so on. In this paper we argue that dynamic provisioning of multi-stage information communication systems raises new challenges not addressed by prior work on provisioning single-stage systems. An extended dynamic provisioning technique for multi-stage multi-resource multi-service systems that employs a flexible queuing model to determine how much resources to allocate to each stage of the system is proposed. The whole system is modelled as sequence of multidimensional Markov chains. Since the numerical evaluation of the closed-form failure probability in such system will become numerically intractable for a large number of traffic classes, a simpler approximate method of calculation for the state probabilities of the traffic model described is used. To evaluate the proposed technique Mathcad system is used. The effectiveness of the method is confirmed by simulation example for the system with two service types, two resource types and three stages. The proposed model is very general and can be used for analysis of different systems.Item Розробка математичної моделі управління пропускною здатністю низхідного каналу зв’язку технології LTE, що використовує перший вид розподілу ресурсів(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Гаркуша, С. В.; Гаркуша, О. В.Наведено результати розроблення математичної моделі розподілу частотно-часового ресурсу низхідного каналу зв’язку технології LTE, що використовує перший вид розподілу ресурсів. Запропонована модель спрямована на забезпечення гарантованої якості обслуговування користувачів безпроводової мережі виділенням станціям користувачів необхідної пропускної здатності в низхідному каналі зв’язку. Проаналізовано запропоновану модель розподілу частотно-часового ресурсу технології LTE з погляду забезпечення необхідних пропускних здатностей різних станцій користувачів у низхідному каналі зв’язку. It was established that one of the main problems in the wireless network that operates using LTE, is the task of ensuring the required quality of service, which includes the need for the user equipment network bandwidth required in the downlink. Providing the required bandwidth can be achieved by solving the problems of distribution of a time-frequency resource in a downlink, which acts as resource blocks. As shown by the analysis known solutions for bandwidth allocation in the downlink LTE are oriented on the use of Resources Allocation Type 0, which has a low flexibility due to combination in the resource blocks group. The analysis decision on the need to develop a mathematical model of bandwidth management downlink LTE, using the first type of resource allocation is formulated as a problem of resource allocation sides, to provide the required bandwidth of each user equipment. As a result of this article proposed a mathematical model of the distribution bandwidth downlink LTE which novelty is the use of the Recourse Allocation Type 1. The calculation of the unknown variables in the model proposed in accordance with the conditions, it is advisable to carry out the limitations in solving optimization problems using an optimality criterion aimed at maximizing the overall performance of the downlink. The formulated problem from a mathematical point of view is a task Integer Linear Programming (ILP). In the model the desired variables are boolean, and restrictions on the unknown variables are linear. Using the proposed model has allowed to produce records of technological features downlink LTE (partition resource blocks into subsets assigned to the subscriber station RB only one subset), as well as the territorial remoteness of user equipment (the type of modulation and coding). As an example, a solution was obtained in the formulated optimization problem using c system MatLab R2014a. This has been enabled bintprog package optimization Optimization Toolbox. Graphically it shows how dependent bandwidth allocation and resource blocks of the downlink between the user equipment required when changing the value of one of them. The analysis found that the use of the proposed model aims to provide each user equipment the quality of service in terms of bandwidth in the downlink with the possibility of access to additional (non-guaranteed) bandwidth.Item Метод динамічного формування структури рівня радіодоступу для мереж 5G(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Гуськов, П. О.; Максимюк, Т. А.; Климаш, М. М.Розглянуто концепцію гнучкого функціонального роздвоєння протокольного стека між центральною платформою керування та локальними точками радіодоступу у вигляді програмної платформи для координованого керування рівнем радіодоступу. Запропоновано метод динамічного формування структури мережі радіодоступу перепризначенням контролеру безпровідного кластера та реконфігурації транспортної підсистеми, що дає змогу підвищити ефективність функціонування безпровідного кластера та досягти вищих показників пропускної здатності без застосування додаткових RAP. Nowadays, plenty of smart phones and tablets result in increased demands for bandwidth and availability of mobile networks. According to recent studied, 5G is expected to bring significant improvement such as 10-100-fold peak data rates, 1000-fold network capacity and 10-fold energy efficiency. There are two key enablers of these requirements: ultra-dense deployment of small cells and centralized signal processing. In this paper, we focus on flexible and adaptive management for 5G mobile networks. We propose the dynamic RAN (Radio Access Network) synthesis method that includes two main stages: reassignment of the WCM (Wireless Cluster Management) controller and dynamic backhaul reconfiguration. Former increases the performance of wireless cluster, while backhaul remains unchangeable that allows to decrease the RAN convergence time. The latter allows to improve capacity of backhaul links by virtualization and topology modifying. In addition, proposed system exploits flexibilities of backhaul network technologies to adapt the backhaul network to requirements of RAN. Further insights show that backhaul properties play an important role in future radio access networks with cooperation of radio access points. Modern optical backhaul networks cannot guarantee that cooperation techniques will be applied ubiquitously in radio access networks. Hence, new cooperation techniques and algorithms must rely not only on the information from the RAN, but also incorporate the conditions of backhaul and core network. Simulation results showed that the proposed method drastically increases the feasibility of wireless cluster, especially in high-load scenarios and enables to achieve higher performance capacity without using additional RAP. It has showed that with the increasing number of active users within the cluster the proposed method allows to get higher levels of cluster feasibility through effective adaptation of the RAN structure according to the users’ requirements.Item Аналіз надійності комп’ютерної мережі на основі бінарної діаграми рішень(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Танцюра, Л. І.Досліджено спосіб оцінки надійності комп’ютерних мереж на основі бінарної діаграми рішень (БДР). Розглянуто різні алгоритми обчислення надійності комп’ютерної мережі на основі БДР: алгоритм факторизації, алгоритм, що ґрунтується на пошуку мінімальних шляхів або перерізів, алгоритм створення БДР без отримання булевого виразу. Методи обчислення надійності на основі БДР дають змогу обчислити надійність мережі із сотень елементів. The present paper is aimed at investigating modelling and analysis techniques for the calculating the reliability of computer communication network using binary decision diagram. The network can be represented in a form of a graph, whose elements (vertices and edges) are considered as binary objects characterized by a working or a failed condition. Nodes and communication links of computer network may fail with known probability. The network reliability is defined as the probability that all nodes, or a subset of the nodes, of the graph communicate through at least one path of working edges. Failure of a single component may directly affect the functioning of a network. Determination of the probability properties of the network is based on Binary Decision Diagram and Shannon’s decomposition principle. Binary decision diagram is a modern data structure proved to be compact in representation and efficient in manipulation of Boolean formulas. A path is defined as asset of edges so that if these edges are all up, the system is up. A path is minimal if it has no proper subpaths. A cut is defined as a set of edges so that if these edges are all down, the system is down. A cut is minimal if it has no proper subcuts. Different approaches are based on the use of BDD. One is factoring algorithm. The idea is to choose an edge and break the model down into two cases: the first assumes the edge has failed, the second assumes it has not failed. For each case, a new reliability graph is built by taking into account the behavior of the chosen edge. The alternative class of methods is to directly obtain minpaths or mincuts. Minpaths are searched by means of the Dijkstra algorithm, while mincuts are searched by means of a recursive algorithm. In these methods we first enumerate all the minpaths and mincuts of the given network and then the reliability expression is evaluated using different methods, like inclusionexclusion method or sums of disjoint products. There are some disadvantages in the above methods. In the factoring algorithm, the number of factored reliability graphs will increase exponentially with the number of edges increases. In the minpaths or mincuts methods, as the number of edges becomes large, the number of minpaths or mincuts will be large and inclusion-exclusion or sums of disjoint products expression will be increased too large. Size of BDD strongly depends on the ordering of variables. The size of BDD means the total number of non-terminal vertices in the BDD and the number of vertices in particular level. There is no polynomial search algorithms for optimal variable ordering. The present paper introduces BDD representation of the 2-terminal connectivity of a graph without preliminary search for the minpaths or mincuts. The algorithm starts from the source node and visits the graph until the destination node is reached. The BDD construction starts recursively once the destination node is reached. The BDD’s of the nodes along a path from source node to destination node are combined in AND. If a node possesses more than one outgoing edge the BDD of the paths starting from each edge are combined in OR. A bridge network with directed arcs is considered as an example under assumption that only arcs can failure.Item Ефективність прямого розширення спектра в системах зв’язку з таймерними сигналами(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Захарченко, М. В.; Корчинский, В. В.Запропоновано метод синтезу шумоподібних сигналів на основі таймерних сигнальних конструкцій (ТСК) і ортогональних псевдовипадкових послідовностей з бінарною фазовою модуляцією ФМ-2 (BPSK) у системах зв’язку з кодовим розділенням каналів (КРК). Оцінено ефективність використання ТСК в індивідуальних каналах з обмеженою смугою частот окремих абонентів системи передавання з КРК. Наведено алгоритм вибору параметрів таймерних сигналів і псевдовипадкових послідовностей у разі формування шумоподібних сигналів. Показана перспектива використання таймерних сигнальних конструкцій в конфіденційних системах зв’язку для завдання підвищення структурної прихованості шумоподібних сигналів. Cryptographic systems are considered to be quite an effective mechanism for the protection of information, and they are used mainly in the upper levels of the reference model OSI. However, analysis of trends in cryptography and cryptanalysis confrontation shows that no matter how reliable was not used newly established cryptographic system, discrediting it eventually becomes apparent. Taking into account this fact, promising is the development of additional mechanisms for the protection of information circulating on the network. In the last decade a special interest in acquiring methods of information security, which are implemented on the ground level of the OSI reference model and are aimed at significant reduction in the effectiveness of the means of unauthorized access (unauthorized access), which include: an attempt to detect the fact of transfer and violation of the integrity of a transmitted message, intercepting communication session and recognition of the structure of the signal structures with subsequent decoding of cryptograms, etc. One of the ways of confrontation of confidential communications with NSD can use complex signals with cryptoprotection structure. A prerequisite for the formation of the requirements for the properties of structures and algorithms for signal transfer to ensure secrecy of information exchange, is the account of algorithmic and technological potential of modern means of unauthorized access. It follows that the relevant information to improve the security of information transfer is the study on the creation of algorithms of functioning of confidential communications and signal synthesis designs that enhance the various indicators of secrecy. In view of this, the aim is to develop a method of forming a broadband noise-like signal based on the timer signal design (TSC) with binary phase demodulation. A method for synthesis of noise signals based on the TSC and orthogonal pseudorandom binary phase modulation with the FM-2 (BPSK) communication systems, code division multiplexing (AAC). The estimation had been performed of utilization efficiency of TSC in the individual channels with limited bandwidth transmission systems of individual subscribers to the CBC. An algorithm is proposed for selecting parameters of timing signals and pseudo-random sequence of the formation of noise-like signals. The prospects of using timer signal designs in confidential communication systems for the task of improving the structural stealth noise-like signals.Item Синтез вузла з’єднання ліній передачі НВЧ з провідниковими елементами зв’язку(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Захарія, Й. А.Пропонується числовий метод синтезу вузла з’єднання ліній передачі НВЧ з перетворенням виду ТЕМ–хвилі на ТЕ-хвилю у хвилеводі. При цьому результати електродинамічного аналізу елемента зв’язку ліній тут не розглядаються, а вважаються заданими. Методом теорії мереж НВЧ визначаються елементи матриці розсіювання вузла з’єднання, які використано для розрахунку ширини смуги робочих хвиль вузла. Пропонується також розширення смуги робочих хвиль вузла вибором величини хвильового опору лінії. The transition two-port (TT) for VHF transmission lines, as is known, transforms the wave type, frequently the TEM line wave mode into TE waveguide mode, and vice versa. In TT structure the most important is line junction-element (exciter) type (vibrator, coil, a. o.), and also reactance type for TT tuning. Thus it is possible to present the TT structure as the junction-three-port (JT), whose one port is by tuning reactance loaded. As an example in the paper is a TT with vibrator junction-element for coaxial line and rectangular waveguide considered. The tuning reactance here is a section of shorted waveguide. Main characteristic quantity for TT device is the wavelength-band width, and corresponding value of reflection coefficient. Usually for TT device the middle wavelength of band-width is given. At the designing of TT device it is necessary all efforts for wavelengthband widening to made. Such the optimization problem for geometrical sizes of TT structure elements arise. The proposed here TT synthesis algorithm is on results of junction-element (exciter) electrodynamics’ analysis based. These results are in analytical part of synthesis algorithm used. For that calculation the VHF circuit theory is applied. In high regret, the electrodynamics’ analysis results we get from none closed expressions in numerical form. Therefore we are forced the numerical synthesis to realize, for which geometrical sizes of junction-element structure must be given. In our case by electrodynamics’ analysis we get the value of input impedance and argument of transmission coefficient between coaxial line and waveguide JT ports. These numerical values serve for scattering matrix elements of JT calculations, use the equations for loss free structure. By aid of one contour signal flow graph reflection coefficient from TT input, and corresponding wave-band width is determined. The mentioned above numerical synthesis algorithm expects the zero value of reflection coefficient from TT input at the middle wavelength, and correspondingly narrow wavelengthband width. The line wave-resistance value can be for that calculation sufficient low accepted.Item Вплив параметрів комунікаційної мережі аеровузла на ефективність організації повітряного руху(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Водоп’янов, С. В.Виконано аналіз системи ключових показників ефективності для оцінки стану і управління якістю сервісу складеної мережі аеровузла. Розроблено методику поточного оцінювання параметрів і стану мережі, впливу їх на кінцеву ефективність обслуговування повітряного руху. Наведено результати розрахунків кореляційної матриці ключових показників ефективності й проаналізовано статистичні зв’язки між основними параметрами, від яких залежить продуктивність мережі та якість сервісу, підтримання яких забезпечує оптимальну організацію повітряного руху. Today the basic criteria of estimation quality of functioning of computerized air traffic control systems don’t exist. Dissolving of the problem of multi-objective optimisation is achieved due to scalar approach to a vector optimisation through Saaty analytic hierarchies process. The analysis of features of a system of key performance indicators for the estimation the state and control quality of service of air cluster composite network are executed. The methodology of current estimation of network parameters and state, and their impact on final efficiency of air traffic service is developed with application step-by-step regression. The results of calculations of correlation matrix of key performance indicators are resulted and statistical dependence between basic parameters are analysed, which a network performance and quality of service depend on and provide optimal air traffic management. An ad hoc assumption about errors of relative priorities of partial criteria allows excluding risk of singularity of priority matrix in applied method. Moreover, the presence of mentioned errors decreases risk of optimisation algorithm looping on local extremes. Nowadays, application of modern technical means ensures implementation of flexible air space management structure, which provides immediate changes of air traffic control sector edges depending on current air environment. Thus, air traffic optimization occurs ensuring the required air traffic safety rate, “apron-to-apron” air traffic service method and application of area navigation technology, which is known as “free-flight” method. Application of the computerized control network key parameters as a complex system with signaling information delay can afford its state forecast and real-time service quality control problem solving. Key performance indicators are selected in a way ensuring comparative performance evaluation of different hub networks, and most significantly, providing guaranteed service quality, which is the highest priority task for the air traffic management systems as critical application systems. This article stipulates separated network performance indicators and scale types for their evaluation.Item Метод підвищення ефективності використання мережевих ресурсів інформаційно-телекомунікаційних систем(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Климаш, М. М.; Шпур, О. М.; Селюченко, М. О.; Киричук, Б. В.; Мельник, Т. В.Запропоновано метод локального розподілу та управління сегментом мережі, що приведе до оптимізації використання оптичного ресурсу фізичного тракту, зменшення імовірності блокування під час прокладання нових логічних каналів. Разом з цим, використання цього методу дає змогу оператору суттєво зменшити капітальні витрати, пов’язані з наперед закупленими чи зарезервованими ресурсами, та операційні витрати, основна частина яких – ресурси транспортної мережі, що не використовуються. For optimization of using physical resources of optical path, reducing the probability of blocking when laying new logical channels in this paper has been developed method of local distribution and control segment multiservice network, which enables easier transport network management system. Using this method allows the operator to significantly reduce capital costs related to purchased in advance or reserved resources and operating costs, which make up the bulk of transport network resources that are not used. In the simulation confirmed that local resource allocation method provides a substantial reduction of congestion network device and its power, about 1.5 times. Using the algorithm laying cross tunnels, the method made it possible to unload wavelength, which has been downloaded more than 60 %, and used one of the available wavelengths with high atomic number for making the through the tunnel between nodes. Switch to transparent transmission enabled partially relieve the busiest junction. This is particularly important in an environment where the network transferred large amounts of traffic. In such circumstances, the network node has to handle both own and transit, in the electrical domain, but also very often at the network level. With integrated switching MPLS / OTN managed to avoid high packet time delay and power consumption caused by switching to IP / MPLS level. Quality monitoring service shows that after switching transparently transmitting the average packet delay from end to end decreased from 82 to 28 microseconds, which is almost four times.Item Аналіз енергетичного балансу оптичної транспортної мережі з урахуванням технологічних і архітектурних підходів(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Кайдан, М. В.; Андрущак, В. С.; Піцик, М. В.; Пашкевич, В. З.Описано основні підходи до підвищення енергоефективності телекомунікаційних мереж, а особливу увагу зосереджено на технологічних і архітектурних підходах. Встановлено, що визначальну частину енергозатрат становить проміжне оптоелектронне перетворення, а також робота ядрового маршрутизатора. Наведено перспективи використання повністю оптичних комутаторів і конверторів. На прикладі розрахунку показано, що енергоефективність транспортної оптичної мережі зросла на 63% завдяки видаленню проміжного оптоелектронного перетворення. In this paper presents the main approaches to improve energy efficiency of telecommunications network. The main attention is focused on technological and architectural approaches to reduce power consumption. Shown the correlation approaches to improve energy efficiency. In technological approaches presented the main technical parameters that determine the energy efficiency of optical switches and converts, where the main approach of such devices is to removal expensive and energy intensive optoelectronic conversion. Presented all-optical switches, their energy and time switching. There are also advantages of all-optical converters based on nonlinear effects in terms of energy efficiency. Main attention is drawn on the directions of development of all-optical devices and found that the most relevant today is a device based on optical effects. The work presents prospects are searching electro-, acousto-, thermo- and nonlinear optical coefficient for these devices. Reviewed the prospects of effective using of available wavelengths because each of these waves consume about 1.2 kW of electricity. Shows the prospects of use asynchronous transport technologies such as Optical Transport Network (OTN) and Gigabit Ethernet and benefits in term of energy efficiency, because transport technologies Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) inefficiently uses bandwidth of optical channel that influence on energy efficiency telecommunication network. Presented the advantages of using crosscutting-channel with removal of intermediate optoelectronic conversion. Established that the lower limit power consumption of telecommunication networks determine access network, where for today the most energy efficient technology is passive optical network (PON). No less important factor in the energy consumption of telecommunications networks determines the hardware manufacture. Found that one of the less energy efficiency devices is core router and shows the main part that define its energy consumption. In architectural approaches to improve network energy efficiency presented the transfer of information processing from the router to the lower level. Done calculation of energy consumption of telecommunications equipment for typical network with intermediate optoelectronic conversion and without it. In calculated example shows that energy efficiency transport optical network increased by 63 % when removed intermediate optoelectronic conversion and opening crosscutting channel.Item Кристалічна структура твердих розчинів La1-xRxFeO3 (R = Pr, Nd)(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Павловська, О. Б.; Василечко, Л. О.Методом рентгенівської та синхротронної порошкової дифракції досліджено кристалічну структуру змішаних феритів La1-xRxFeO3 (R = Pr, Nd), отриманих твердофазним синтезом. Встановлено, що всі синтезовані зразки є однофазними із ромбічною структурою перовськіту. Отримані структурні параметри добре узгоджуються із літературними даними для крайніх членів систем, що свідчить про утворення неперервних твердих розчинів заміщення. В обидвох твердих розчинах спостерігається явище перетину параметрів елементарних комірок. Complex oxides with perovskite structure RFeO3, where R are rare earth metals, represent an important class of functional materials. RFeO3 compounds are used in thermoelectric devices, solid oxide fuel cells, as membranes for partial oxidation of methane and oxygen cleaning, as catalysts for CO oxidation and decomposition of NOx, and as sensory materials. Complementary, the interest in the rare earth ferrites is stimulated by their interesting fundamental physical properties, such as spin-reorientation phenomena and the para- to antiferomagnetic transitions occurred at elevated temperatures. Samples with nominal compositions La1-xPrxFeO3 (x = 0.2, 0.7) and La1-xNdxFeO3 (x = 0.1, 0.8) were obtained by solid state reactions technique. Precursor oxides La2O3, Pr6O11, Nd2O3 and Fe2O3 were ball-milled in ethanol for 5 h, dried, pressed into pellets and annealed in air at 1473 K for 20 h. As-obtained product was repeatedly re-grinded and annealed in air at 1473 K for 20 h, after that slowly cooled to RT for 20 h. Phase and structural behaviour of new mixed LaFeO3–based ferrites was investigated by using both laboratory and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction techniques. The latest one was applied for the samples adopting pseudo-tetragonal perovskite structure. Corresponding high-resolution X-ray synchrotron powder diffraction experiments were performed at ID22 beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facilities (Grenoble, France) during beamtime allocated to the ESRF Experiment MA-2320. Based on the experimental powder diffraction data, the unit cell dimensions, positional and displacement parameters of atoms in the La1-xPrxFeO3 and La1-xNdxFeO3 structures were derived by full profile Rietveld refinement technique. According to the results obtained, all samples synthesized adopt orthorhombically distorted perovskite structure isotypic with GdFeO3. Structural parameters of La1-xPrxFeO3 and La1-xNdxFeO3 samples agree well with the data of "pure" La, Pr and Nd ferrites, thus proving formation of continuous solid solutions in the LaFeO3-PrFeO3 and LaFeO3-NdFeO3 systems. The unit cells dimensions of La1-xPrxFeO3 and La1-xNdxFeO3 decreases almost linear. with decreasing R-cation radii according to the Vegard’s rule. Peculiarity of both solid solutions is the lattice parameters crossover occurred at certain compositions and formation of dimensionally tetragonal (pseudo-tetragonal) structures. Despite of the observed phenomenon of the lattice crossover, the symmetry of La1-xPrxFeO3 and La1-xNdxFeO3 structure remain orthorhombic in whole concentration range.Item Дослідження ефективності підканалів безпровідних мереж, побудованих на основі технологій LTE / LTE-ADVANCED, при використанні різних видів модуляції сигналу(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Горбатий, І. В.Здійснено теоретичні дослідження ймовірності бітової помилки й ефективності підканалів безпровідних мереж, побудованих на основі технологій LTE / LTE-Advanced, з використанням квадратурної фазової маніпуляції (КФМн), М-позиційної квадратурної амплітудної модуляції (М-КАМ) та запропонованої М-позиційної амплітудної модуляції багатьох складових (М-АМБС). Теоретичні дослідження ймовірності бітової помилки виконано з використанням запропонованого співвідношення. За результатами теоретичних досліджень підтверджено адекватність запропонованого співвідношення та можливість його застосування для обчислення ймовірності бітової помилки під час використання в підканалах телекомунікаційних безпровідних мереж, побудованих на основі технологій LTE/LTE-Advanced, різновидів модуляції сигналу КФМн, М-КАМ і М-АМБС. Також досліджено ефективність таких мереж з використанням наведених різновидів модуляції сигналу. За результатами досліджень установлено, що запропонована модуляція М- АМБС перспективна для застосування у мережах, побудованих на основі технологій LTE/LTE-Advanced, з метою зменшення ймовірності бітової помилки під час передавання даних та підвищення ефективності мережі порівняно з використанням КФМн і М-КАМ. It carried out the theoretical researches of bit error probability and efficiency of subchannels of wireless networks based on LTE / LTE-Advanced technologies in case of use of quadrature phase manipulation (QPSK), М-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) and offer М-ary amplitude modulation of many components (M-AMMC). The theoretical researches of bit error probability executed in case of use of offer correlation. As a result of theoretical researches it exposed the adequacy of offer correlation and possibility of his application for the calculation of bit error probability in case of use the varieties of signal modulation QPSK, M-QAM, and М-AMMC in subchannels of telecommunication wireless networks based on LTE / LTE-Advanced technologies. As a result of researches it sets, that in case of attitude of average energy of one data bit toward the spectral power density of white noise E / N0 = bavr 13,4 dB the bit error probability in subchannels in case of use of 8-AMMC will more the little in 27 time by comparison to the use of 8-QАМ at the identical maximal power and informing of modulated signal. Also the efficiency of such networks in case of use of lead varieties of signal modulation was explored. As a result of researches it sets, that informative efficiency of subchannels of wireless networks based on LTE / LTE-Advanced technologies in case of use of 8-AMMC with shift the amplitude levels of modulating signals higher from using 8-QАМ on 6,1 % and from QPSK – on 20 %, that is why offered AMMC expediently to use in the modern wireless networks in case of data transmission for the rise of their efficiency. So as a result of researches it sets, that an offer modulation M-AMMC is perspective for application in networks based on LTE / LTE-Advanced technologies with the purpose of reduction of bit error probability in case of data transmission and rise of network efficiency by comparison to the use of QPSK and M-QAM.Item Зміст до Вісника "Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації"(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015)Item Підвищення ефективності динамічної маршрутизацiї у гетерогенних сервiсно-орiєнтованих системах з використанням гіперболічних потоків Річчі(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Стрихалюк, Б. М.; Климаш, Ю. В.; Стрихалюк, І. Б.; Коваль, Б. В.Розглянуто теоретичний базис конформного відображення координат у гіперболічному просторі. Запропоновано алгоритм на основі використання гiперболiчного потоку Рiччi, що дає змогу збiльшити ефективність маршрутизації інформаційних потоків за рахунок незначного зростання відповідної евклідової метрики. The work is dedicated to routing effectiveness increasing for heterogeneous networks with dynamic variables heterogeneities. Distribution of information flows in heterogeneous networks depends on the structural heterogeneities that can dynamically change because of incorrect settings, overload, migration of virtual machines and other emergencies. These factors considerably influence the success routing, notably in large-scale networks that provide a wide range of services. We propose algorithm based on Ricci flows that allow transition from one space to another with preservation properties of conformal mapping network structure to improve the availability of nodes. A wide range of foreign scientists considers the Ricci flow in Euclidean space. This work represents the routing algorithmbased on Ricci flow in hyperbolic space, which allows smoothing the verge heterogeneities. Consequently, laying circuits can be designed so that its metric is compatible with the Euclidean metric by applying Poincare disk that allows us to depict the network topology on a single canonical disk with round holes and convert nodes to form of virtual coordinates. We perform the network simulation based on comparison of routing algorithms using hyperbolic and traditional Ricci flows and GeoRou (Geometric routing), which represents the best results of geometric algorithms. The algorithm converge faster than others do, since it allows reducing the probability of errors in the curvature and ensuring effective delivery in the presence of complex dynamic structural variable heterogeneities. We also perform the simulation of distance vector routing based on real coordinates using virtual coordinates. With real coordinates, successful routing was observed in 78.66 % cases, based on virtual coordinates – in 92.5 % cases. Therefore, routing algorithm based on hyperbolic Ricci flow improves effectiveness compared to other routing algorithms by a slight increase in the respective Euclidean metric.Item Аналіз методів комплексування сигналів парціальних спектральних каналів у системах моніторингу об’єктів та сцен(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Гривачевський, А. П.Проаналізовано методи комплексування даних парціальних спектральних каналів багатоспектральної системи моніторингу об’єктів та сцен різних ділянок спектра електромагнітних хвиль. Зазначено основні вимоги, які ставляться перед задачею комплексування парціальних спектральних каналів. Проаналізовано два методи комплексування, що ґрунтуються на підсиленні відмінностей між зображеннями та на окремому аналізі низько- та високочастотних складових спектра зображень. Описано ідею щодо можливої реалізації системи моніторингу об’єктів та сцен з максимальним рознесенням за частотою парціальних спектральних каналів та наведено структурну схему такої багатоспектральної системи. The article analyzes the methods of data fusion partial spectral channels multispectral system of monitoring objects and scenes, working in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum whose essence is to implement process optimal joint processing of reflected signals and self-radiation of the observed objects. Shown basic requirements are put before the task of interconnecting partial spectral channels. It is proved that for maximum information content data obtained by remote monitoring is necessary to use sensors of various physical nature, which operate in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, namely microwave (RF), infrared and optical diapasons. The analysis of the two methods of images data fusion, the first of which is based on increasing the differences between the images obtained from various partial channels multispectral monitoring system, and the second on the separate analysis of low-frequency and high-frequency spectral components of the image. Moreover, both of these algorithms complement each other and can be used simultaneously. It was found that significant difficulties in the images data fusion discussed methods associated with the exact matching partial channels with spatial coordinates; search for best practices to eliminate the inverse display of individual objects in different zones of the spectral and radiometric distortion (noise); selecting the best algorithm for determining the weighting coefficients of the partial channels, and the like.Described the idea of a possible implementation of the system of monitoring objects and scenes with maximum frequency diversity partial spectral channels and propose options for the overall structure of a multispectral system.Item Дослідження стійкості параметричних підсилювачів у середовищі MAOPCs(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Шаповалов, Ю. І.; Мандзій, Б. А.; Бачик, Д. Р.У пропонованій роботі наведено результати дослідження асимптотичної стійкості одно- та двоконтурного параметричних підсилювачів. Оцінка стійкості у системі функцій MAOPCs основана на визначенні коренів знаменника параметричної нормальної передавальної функції кола, що має вигляд степеневого полінома від комплексної змінної. The paper considers the question of the research of assessment of the stability of linear periodically time-variable circuits by the frequency symbolic method. The function system MAOPCs, which is based on the frequency symbolic method, is an effective tool of investigation of linear periodically time-variable circuits and in particular parametric amplifiers. The assessment of circuit stability in the systemMAOPCs is carried out by the real parts of the denominator roots of a normal parametric transfer function of the inertial part of circuit, which is also defined by the frequency symbolic method in the form of approximation by the Fourier trigonometric polynomials. If the real parts of roots are negative, the circuit is asymptotically stable and is not stable if the real part of at least one of the roots is equal to zero or positive. This criterion of asymptotic stability deservedly gained great importance with the appearance of such an effective method of formation of parametric transfer functions as frequency symbolic method. This paper presents the results of research of asymptotic stability of one- and double-circuit parametric amplifiers. For a single-circuit parametric amplifier with two parametric elements maps of stability for different phase differences of parametric elements were built. When the phase difference is 0 ° zone of stability is the biggest and when the phase difference 180 ° zone of stability is the smallest. These two cases are called in literature a synchronous and asynchronous modes and it is shown that energies brought into the circuit by change of capacitance and inductance in the first case are deducted, and in the second case are attached. This fact has received full confirmation in experiments carried out in the system MAOPCs. In this paper it is shown that the formation of parametric transfer function by the frequency symbolic method and determining the roots of the denominator in which parameters of the circuit set in symbolic form nowadays is the most effective tool of assessment of the asymptotic stability of electronic devices which are represented by linear periodically time-variable circuits. This approach allows you to build the trajectories of roots and maps of stability under multiple change of numerical values of symbolic parameters of circuit. The results of computer experiments presented in this paper made it possible to draw the following conclusions: – complete coincidence of the results between programs MAOPCs and Micro-Cap proves the adequacy of transfer functions formed by frequency symbolic method and high accuracy of assessment of stability through the roots of the polynomial; – the frequency symbolic method allows you to effectively assess stability and to form trajectories of roots or map of stability of circuit by the change of its random parameters that it is sufficiently comfortable at stability control in tasks of statistical character and optimization of parametric devices; – computer experiments have shown that the formation of parametric transfer function by the frequency symbolic method and determining the roots of its denominator nowadays is the most effective tool of assessment of the asymptotic stability of electronic devices which are represented by linear periodically time-variable circuits.Item Схеми ввімкнення та основні розрахункові співвідношення індукційних магнітометрів(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Нічога, В. О.; Проненко, В. О.; Салдан, О. В.; Стефанишин, І. В.Подано схеми ввімкнення та основні розрахункові співвідношення індукційних магнітометрів та розглянуто принцип дії та основні схеми ввімкнення індукційного магнітометра. Наведено передавальну функцію індукційного магнітометра, амплітудно-частотну характеристику вихідної напруги U0 в резонансному режимі. Описано три способи отримання такої характеристики.In article “Schemes of enabling and the basic calculated ratio of induction magnetometers (IM)” is considered the basic principle of IM operation and the basic scheme of it’s enabling. Analyzed frequency response of IM. The definition of IM sensitivity threshold is given in this article. Described the transfer function of IM. Analyzed the amplitudefrequency characteristic (AFC) of output voltage U0 in resonant mode. Described three ways of obtaining such AFC. Displayed the scheme and AFC with the current amplifier and equivalent circuit and AFC of IM with negative feedback on the magnetic field. Analyzed the AFC of IM. Presented noise signal scheme of IM with a feedback in the magnetic field and expressions of output voltage US, conversion factor of Gн(ω) and the phase shift of the voltage US relative to the measured magnetic field. Derived an equation for the frequency inflection, from which the expressions for the lower and upper frequency inflection was obtained. Presented the determine of sensitive threshold of IM and the physical meaning of sensitive threshold of IM. It is shown how the threshold is determined. Displayed the expression of resulting density of IM noise by it’s power WB and the expression of resulting density of IM noise in terms of measured magnetic field. To measure magnetic fields in applied geophysics, board space experiments, biomedical research, non-destructive testing and technical diagnostics in problems of electromagnetic compatibility and control side electromagnetic radiation devices and systems commonly used induction magnetometers (MI), which have very wide frequency range of effective application (from ~10-4 to ~106 Hz) and can measure magnetic fields in a large dynamic range (from fractions to tens of T) [1–6]. Their high sensitivity and ability to work in a wide frequency range combined with simplicity and high reliability and manufacturability explains the increased interest in these devices. The purpose of this work – to improve methods of calculating the transfer function of MI and their sensitivity threshold to improve IM settings used in geophysics.