Environmental Problems
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Item Valorization of phosphogypsum in Ukraine by creating composite materials for structural layers of road pavement(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28) Novytskyi, Yurii; Topylko, Nataliia; Rainchuk, Nataliia; Lviv Polytechnic National UniversityUkraine's transition to an energy-efficient economy as part of its overall transformation to EU standards is a difficult but crucial challenge. The country's post-war recovery will involve modernizing the entire infrastructure in line with EU sustainable development standards. In particular, the road sector, being the most resource-intensive in construction, must be in line with the goals of the European Green Deal, namely: reducing greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the extraction and processing of natural resources, implementing the principles of the circular economy, achieving economic growth by maximizing the substitution of natural materials for man-made waste, minimizing negative environmental impact and using advanced green technologies (Natsionalna ekonomichna stratehiia, 2021). Promoting the principles of the circular economy and implementing the best European practices in the reuse of industrial waste is not only a requirement for Ukraine's successful accession to the EU, but also a prerequisite for the effective implementation of infrastructure projects, especially during the post-war reconstruction of the country. However, such ambitious goals can be a huge challenge for our country, particularly in environmental recycling projects in construction, where the most important issue is to eliminate the simplest and most attractive solution of using natural materials rather than replacing them with industrial waste. The article contains research materials on solving the problem of utilization of phosphogypsum waste by using it in the structural layers of road pavements. For this purpose, composite mixtures based on raw dump phosphogypsum (SE "Sіrka", Novyi Rozdil) were prepared. Laboratory tests have established that composite materials based on phosphogypsum meet the requirements of the State Standard of Ukraine for structural layers of road pavement.Item Statistical assessment of the dynamics of changes in the PM10 and PM2.5 level in the air of urbanized areas(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28) Sabadash, Vira; Lopushansky, Oleksiy; Lysko, Vitaliy; Lviv Polytechnic National UniversityThis article addresses the issue of atmospheric pollution caused by solid particles in urban environments. The presence of PM10 and PM2,5 particles in the air of major cities and industrial areas worldwide has been examined. An evaluation of atmospheric pollution levels with PM10 and PM2,5 particles in Kostopil, considering current air quality standards in Ukraine and the European Union, has been conducted. The authors employed the gravimetric method to measure the levels of suspended dust particles (PM10 and PM2,5) in Kostopil from autumn 2022 to winter 2023. The study revealed an excessive amount of fine dust particles in the city's air, exceeding the maximum permissible values outlined in regulatory laws by 2.1-2.7 times. Furthermore, the monitoring of changes in suspended dust particle levels showed peak values of PM10 = 1.15 mg/m³ in January and PM2,5 = 0.96 mg/m³ in December. The results of the statistical analysis of particle level distribution in Kostopil's urban areas indicated the statistical significance of certain distribution parameters, specifically SW-W and D for PM10 and PM2,5 particle classes.Item Analysis of studies on the morphological composition of domestic waste in Ukraine(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28) Illiash, Oksana; Holik, Yurii; Allesch, Astrid; Chepurko, Iuliia; Serha, Tetiana; Poltava National Technical Yuri Kondratyuk University; University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesThe article presents the results of the analysis of the studies conducted on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of household waste generated in the territories of several regional centers of Ukraine. The data on the component composition of domestic waste typical for Ukrainian cities are generalized. The influence of the quality indicators of individual waste fractions on the further choice of operations and methods of household waste treatment within the framework of the waste management system is analyzed. On the basis of the collected data, the expediency and relevance of the experimental studies conducted in the context of the current war in Ukraine, global environmental problems, and the global energy crisis are substantiated.Item Analysis of surface water quality indicators in the Dnipro-Bug Estuary region in the first months after the destruction of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power station dam(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28) Trokhymenko, Ganna; Magas, Natalia; Shumilova, Oleksandra; Klochko, Volodymyr; Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB); State Institution "Mykolaiv Regional Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine"The article presents the results of the analysis of surface water quality indicators changes in water bodies near settlements in the Mykolaiv region in the areas that were flooded after the destruction of the Kakhovka HPP. The analysis of critical water quality monitoring data on sanitary, chemical and microbiological indicators revealed a deterioration in water quality in the Dnipro-Bug Estuary and the Ingul, Ingulets and Southern Bug rivers. Particularly dangerous levels of pollution were observed in the Inhulets River, where a significant increase in water levels and flooding of civilian infrastructure, residential buildings and households were observed in June 2023. The main reason for the high level of water pollution is sewage, pollution from the destruction of cattle cemeteries, and a large amount of washed-up garbage from flooded areas.Item Management efficiency for certain types of plastic waste(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28) Mykhailenko, Vladyslav; Shelinhovskyi, Dmytro; Safranov, Tamerlan; Odessa State Environmental UniversityThe issue of segregating plastic waste from the general stream of municipal solid waste and its recycling and disposal is a pressing environmental and socio-economic problem. Given that existing plastic waste recycling facilities in Ukraine are underutilized and partially operate on imported raw materials, the problem of separating and processing certain types of plastic waste from Ukraine's overall solid waste flow is extremely urgent. Plastic wastes are categorized by disposal complexity into three groups: 1.With good properties (clean, sorted, easily disposed of, and up to 90% of similar materials can be used during recycling); 2. With medium properties (containing a certain amount of pollutants, that require sorting, and their processing involves additional costs such as selection, washing, etc., resulting in only 20-30% of their initial quantity being recycled); 3. Difficult-to-dispose wastes (heavily contaminated and mixed, their processing is often not cost-effective). Polyethylene is one of the most common types of plastic wastes in Ukraine, accounting for 34% of all plastic waste. It was discovered that low-pressure or high-density polyethylene is one of the most marketable types of secondary raw materials in Ukraine, making the separation and collection of this type of plastic waste economically beneficial. The aim of the study is to justify the possibilities of extracting and disposing of plastic waste from the flow of municipal solid wastes in specific cities of Ukraine. This has been implemented by the public organization "City of the Future" in partnership with the Odesa State Environmental University.Item Ways to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment of a cardboard and paper mill(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28) Sablii, Larysa; Zhukova, Veronika; Drewnowski, Jakub; National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”; Gdansk University of TechnologyThe results of research on physical and chemical methods for the preliminary treatment of wastewater of a cardboard and paper factory in Khmelnytskyi region of Ukraine are presented. At the cardboard and paper factory, wastewater is treated at a sewage treatment plant, which includes sand traps, primary radial sedimentation tanks, aeration tanks with activated sludge regenerators, secondary radial sedimentation tanks, and bioponds. The use of coagulation and chlorination methods before biological treatment in aeration tanks was proposed. Alumoflock 18% was used as a coagulant, polyacrylamide was used as a flocculant, and sodium hydroxide was used as an alkalizing reagent. The study was conducted on a mixture of industrial and domestic wastewater with COD and BOD5 – 3200 and 1575 mg/dm3, respectively, and on industrial wastewater with COD and BOD5 – 4480 and 1960 mg/dm3, respectively. The effects of reducing COD and BOD5 indicators in the first case after coagulation were 30 and 40%, after chlorination - 37.81 and 43.17%, respectively, in the second after coagulation - 28.57 and 47.24%, respectively. It was established that a significant proportion of organic substances according to the COD indicator is in a dissolved state - 60-70%. It has been proven that as a result of chlorination, the maximum reduction of "pure" COD is achieved, therefore, the possibility and expediency of chlorination of water after the secondary settling tank with increased doses should be considered in the wastewater treatment technology of the cardboard and paper factory.Item Assessment of the status of the surface water of the Buzky Estuary within Mykolaiv city(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28) Mats, Andrii; Petro Mohyla Black Sea National UniversityAn assessment of the surface water state resources was provided, which included the analysis of the components of the salt composition, namely chlorides and sulfates. The trophic-saprobiological (ecological-sanitary) index was determined taking into account the absolute values of indicators: suspended substances, pH, phosphates, dissolved oxygen, BOD5. To determine the index of specific indicators of toxic action, the absolute values of the components were used: copper, zinc, oil products, etc. It was determined that the category of water quality according to the components of the salt composition in the pre-war period was 6.1, which is less than in 2022 (6.5); according to tropho-saprobiological indicators (environmental and sanitary) - the pre-war period is 4.3, which is less compared to 2022 (5.0); according to specific indicators - in the pre-war period it is less and is 4.7 compared to 2022, when this index was 5.0. All defined surface water quality classes correspond to the degree of pollution "dirty" or "very dirty" and the state "poor" or "very poor". During the studied period, there is a steady trend towards a gradual increase in hardness, dry residue, sulfates, and chlorides in surface water. The level of pH, BOD5, dissolved oxygen fluctuates within the normal range with minor deviations.Item Ways of rational use of water resources in the conditions of post-war reclamation systems in the south of Ukraine(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28) Marshall, Daniil; Zhukova, Olena; Kyiv National University of Construction and ArchitectureAfter the explosion of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power station, the problem of restoring damaged areas of reclamation systems and rational use of water resources in the de-occupied territories of southern Ukraine is extremely relevant today. An integral part of solving this problem is the theoretical justification and assessment of filtration losses in damaged areas of open drainage channels with interception of this flow by drainage structures. This study presents a methodology for calculating the filtration losses of water from a main canal that runs in an excavation with a channelside pipe drainage. The calculations take into account the pressure drop on the canal lining. The filtration water losses per linear metre of the main channel of the Ingulets irrigation system were determined, taking into account the filtration resistance of the screen, which is economically feasible to restore from local water-resistant natural materials. In this case, the channel drainage performs two functions. Firstly, it prevents flooding of the territory; secondly, it is possible to use innovative technologies to return part of the filtration effluent for use in various water supply sectors of the region. The research results will allow us to further develop recommendations for effective engineering protection of water resources from pollution and depletion in this region.Item Contents(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28)Item Drying of cenospheres recovered by the wet-based method from coal fly ash for their rational use(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2023-02-28) Kindzera, Diana; Atamanyuk, Volodymyr; Hosovskyi, Roman; Mitin, Ihor; Lviv Polytechnic National UniversitySince slag and coal fly ash (CFA) are major global pollutants produced by thermal power plants (TPPs), special attention should be paid to their rational disposal. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of CFA and it was suggested that the use potential of CFA is high due to the presence of a large number of cenospheres (CSs), that can be recovered mostly by wet methods for the production of the wide range of products with improved properties. However, such decisions regarding the application of the cenospheres are largely related to the problem of their drying after removal. The article is devoted to the investigation of the filtration method as less energy-consuming for the drying of cenospheres. The effect of the drying agent velocity on the mass transfer intensity has been established. The values of mass transfer coefficients have been calculated based on the thin-layer experimental data and equation . Calculated mass transfer coefficients for cenospheres have been correlated by the dimensionless expression , based on which equation has been proposed to calculate the mass transfer coefficients, which is important at the filtration drying equipment design stage.