Ecological risks of chromium contamination in Ukrainian soils affected by military activity: SEM-EDS and EPMA analysis

Abstract

The contamination of soil with heavy metals as a result of military activity presents a significant and multifaceted environmental challenge. Chromium, in particular, is introduced into the environment through various military-related processes, such as the use of ammunition, explosives, fuels, and other military equipment. Once released, chromium can persist in the environment, especially in soil, where it exists primarily in two oxidation states: trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). The latter is particularly toxic and poses a considerable risk to both environmental and human health. In this study, we focused on analyzing soil samples with the highest concentrations of chromium ions. The main objective was to identify chromium compounds present in the soil as a direct consequence of military actions, with the aim of assessing environmental risks and developing strategies to mitigate their impact. Prolonged contamination-over a span of several years-can result in ireversible ecological damage, affecting local biodiversity and potentially leading to the disruption of food webs. Furthermore, the accumulation of chromium in water sources and food chains increases the risk of adverse health effects for nearby populations. Therefore, chromium pollution arising from military operations has the potential to cause long-term degradation of ecosystems, highlighting the urgent need for remediation and preventive measures.