До питання про моделі криміналізації діянь
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Видавництво Львівської політехніки
Lviv Politechnic Publishing House
Lviv Politechnic Publishing House
Abstract
Проаналізовано основні моделі криміналізації діянь. На основі врахування принципів та підстав криміналізації (декриміналізації) законодавчий орган створює нову кримінально-правову норму (або навпаки змінює чи скасовує існуючу). При цьому розробляються попередні моделі нової норми, які повинні відповідати різним, подекуди суперечливим вимогам. Безумовно, при створенні таких моделей потрібно вирішити ряд питань, які відносяться до обсягу та змісту диспозиції нової норми, її санкції, співвідношення з чинним кримінальним, кримінально-процесуальним, виправно-трудовим законодавством. Одна з головних умов оптимальності законодавства зводиться до дотримання вимог його внутрішньої узгодженості, а також до цілого ряду пов'язаних з нею вимог: відсутність прогалин закону та зайвості заборони; визначеність та єдність термінології. Якщо тлумачення змісту чи значення терміна, який міститься у нормативно-правовому акті, може виявитися складним для його адресату, то такому терміну доцільно надати легальне визначення, навіть якщо це призведе до збільшення тексту; доцільність – можливість створення, зміни та наступного застосування положень кримінального закону, виходячи з потреб суспільства та держави, для досягнення певних цілей, з урахуванням загально правових принципів в чітко встановлених законодавчих межах, що виявляється в побудові норм кримінального закону, визначенні їх структури, місця розташування в самому кримінальному законі та встановлення співвідношення з іншими положеннями Кримінального кодексу.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the main models of criminalization of acts. Based on the principles and grounds of criminalization (decriminalization), the legislature creates a new criminal law (or, conversely, changes or repeals the existing one). At the same time, preliminary models of the new norm are being developed, which must meet different, sometimes contradictory requirements. Of course, when creating such models it is necessary to resolve a number of issues related to the scope and content of the disposition of the new rule, its sanctions, the relationship with current criminal, criminal procedure, correctional labor legislation. Having formulated contradictory requirements to the criminal law norm as two opposite poles, the interval in which the best solution should be found will be between them, the so-called optimal norm will be created. The author notes that a solution can be found that meets both conflicting requirements, for example, by creating two or more interconnected institutions. Thus, considering the basis of criminal liability is the act itself, we construct the composition of the crime, where the identity of the offender is reflected only by some formal features. The existence of a corpus delicti is a necessary and sufficient ground for finding a person guilty and bringing him to criminal responsibility for the commission, but it is by no means sufficient for him to choose the appropriate measure of responsibility. At the same time, the institution of punishment in the first place is the identity of the offender. As a last resort, it should act if the main purpose of punishment is to correct and re-educate offenders. This compensates for the one-sidedness of the act as a basis for liability. In other cases, conflicting requirements cannot be separated because they relate to the same institution, to the same issue. At the same time, it is impossible to find a solution that meets both opposite requirements at the same time. Thus, the disposition of the criminal law can not be both abstract and casuistic, the sanction - at the same time and severe and lenient. Obviously, the decision must be between these extremes: for example, the sanction must be moderately severe. One of the main conditions for the optimality of legislation is reduced to compliance with the requirements of its internal coherence, as well as a number of related requirements: the absence of gaps in the law and the prohibition of prohibition; certainty and unity of terminology. If the interpretation of the meaning or significance of a term contained in a legal act may be difficult for its addressee, it is advisable to provide a legal definition of such a term, even if it leads to an increase in the text; expediency - the possibility of creating, amending and subsequently applying the provisions of criminal law, based on the needs of society and the state, to achieve certain goals, taking into account general legal principles within clearly defined legal limits, manifested in the construction of criminal law, determining their structure in the criminal law itself and establishing a relationship with other provisions of the Criminal Code.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the main models of criminalization of acts. Based on the principles and grounds of criminalization (decriminalization), the legislature creates a new criminal law (or, conversely, changes or repeals the existing one). At the same time, preliminary models of the new norm are being developed, which must meet different, sometimes contradictory requirements. Of course, when creating such models it is necessary to resolve a number of issues related to the scope and content of the disposition of the new rule, its sanctions, the relationship with current criminal, criminal procedure, correctional labor legislation. Having formulated contradictory requirements to the criminal law norm as two opposite poles, the interval in which the best solution should be found will be between them, the so-called optimal norm will be created. The author notes that a solution can be found that meets both conflicting requirements, for example, by creating two or more interconnected institutions. Thus, considering the basis of criminal liability is the act itself, we construct the composition of the crime, where the identity of the offender is reflected only by some formal features. The existence of a corpus delicti is a necessary and sufficient ground for finding a person guilty and bringing him to criminal responsibility for the commission, but it is by no means sufficient for him to choose the appropriate measure of responsibility. At the same time, the institution of punishment in the first place is the identity of the offender. As a last resort, it should act if the main purpose of punishment is to correct and re-educate offenders. This compensates for the one-sidedness of the act as a basis for liability. In other cases, conflicting requirements cannot be separated because they relate to the same institution, to the same issue. At the same time, it is impossible to find a solution that meets both opposite requirements at the same time. Thus, the disposition of the criminal law can not be both abstract and casuistic, the sanction - at the same time and severe and lenient. Obviously, the decision must be between these extremes: for example, the sanction must be moderately severe. One of the main conditions for the optimality of legislation is reduced to compliance with the requirements of its internal coherence, as well as a number of related requirements: the absence of gaps in the law and the prohibition of prohibition; certainty and unity of terminology. If the interpretation of the meaning or significance of a term contained in a legal act may be difficult for its addressee, it is advisable to provide a legal definition of such a term, even if it leads to an increase in the text; expediency - the possibility of creating, amending and subsequently applying the provisions of criminal law, based on the needs of society and the state, to achieve certain goals, taking into account general legal principles within clearly defined legal limits, manifested in the construction of criminal law, determining their structure in the criminal law itself and establishing a relationship with other provisions of the Criminal Code.
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Citation
Марисюк К. До питання про моделі криміналізації діянь / Костянтин Марисюк // Вісник Національного університету “Львівська політехніка”. Серія: “Юридичні науки”. — Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2022. — Том 9. — № 3 (35). — С. 364–367.