Принцип функціонально-просторової залежності застосування архітектурного декору на будівлях Львова кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст.

Abstract

На основі натурнихд осліджень, бібліографічного та порівняльного аналізу визначено принцип функціонально-просторової залежності застосування архітектурного декору на будівлях Львова періоду пізнього історизму та сецесії. Розглянуто на прикладі віллових, прибуткових та громадських будівель.

The late nineteenth – early twentieth century is the time for the architecture of Lviv, which is typical of a large number of stylistic directions – from historicism (reproduction of the history) to various embodiments of secession with the search for national identity. Based on field observations, bibliographic and comparative analysis it has been determined that the use of architectural décor depends on the functional purpose of the building and the factors affecting it manifested in features of the décor character. The objects different by functions have been selected for processing, including villas, tenement houses, public (administrative, educational, commercial, spectacular, entertaining, financial, health care facilities and sacral buildings). Thus, the principle of functional and spatial dependence of use of architectural décor on the Lviv buildings of the period of the late historicism depends on several factors of influence, namely the location of the building, its owner, the stylistics and partially on the architect's intention. In addition, it has been determined that the most richly decorated with architectural décor were public buildings, to enhance the impression and the purpose of the building varied décor is used (angels putti, pilasters, columns, atlantes, sculptural groups, pediments, vases, obelisks, etc.); more restrained and less lavishly decorated are the tenement houses, while also decorated with varied décor in the form of plant, geometric, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic motifs; decoration of villas with stucco and sculptural décor is used less frequently, only as accented elements, but there are cases where stucco and sculptural decorations were not applied at all. In particular, the nature of the décor is also influenced by the purpose of the building, which is displayed in application of specific symbols, allegorical sculptures, etc. It is worth mentioning that the educational, healthcare institutions and sacred buildings were reserved and scarcely used stucco and sculptural décor, the main decorative element for these buildings was open bricklaying. The principle of functional and spatial dependence of the use of architectural décor on the secession buildings of Lviv depends on the four factors, including the location, the architect's intention, the owner of the building and stylistics. By splendor of decoration the secession buildings were divided into richly decorated – public and tenement buildings; more modest and less richly decorated were villas. The nature of the décor used on secession buildings depended on the purpose of the building, on the architect’s intention, on the dominant stylistic direction that can be traced especially on public buildings, where decorative elements are used as musical instruments or the use of the Ukrainian folk motifs (ears of wheat, ornaments of embroidered towels); typical of tenement houses were location of stucco and sculptural décor in the final part of the facade according to the laws of the plants growth in the form of flowers, stems of plants, mascarons, pediments, mirrors, attics, majolica inserts, etc.; secession villas were decorated mainly in the form of accented elements (e.g., decoration around the window with stylized daisy flowers, leaves, etc.). Through the analysis of the Lviv buildings of the period of the late historicism and secession, we have conducted comparative characterization of the principle of functional dependence of application of architectural décor, which helped to determine differences and similarities between them.