Формування наукових уявлень про козацьку клинкову зброю: від др. пол. XIX ст. до сучасності

Abstract

У статті розглянуто історію розвитку наукових уявлень про козацьку зброю від кінця ХІХ ст. до нашого часу. Проаналізовано українську, російську та європейську наукову історіографію. Вивчається шабля, відома як особиста зброя “можливо самого” гетьмана Юрія Хмельницького. Проаналізувавши характеристики шаблі, автор доходить висновку, що у цьому предметі поєднано риси різних історичних перідодів. Цей зразок, сумлінно виконаний “за історичними мотивами”, створює справжній прецедент, розширюючи поле для наукової дискусії щодо вигляду української карабелі, оправленої центрально- чи східноукраїнськими золотарями у другій половині XVIII ст. The article deals with the history of scientific concepts about Cossack cold steel from the late nineteenth century to the present. Author analyses Ukrainian, Russian and European scientific historiography. For now in Ukraine have already been created sufficient theoretical, methodological and technical base, and also have been taken the first practical steps towards a comprehensive solution of weaponology problems with contemporary scientific level. The identification of Ukrainian weapons is the actual problem now. This fact evidenced not only by increasing in quantity and quality polemical articles, but the appearance on the antiques market of artifacts, that form misconceptions about the original Cossack weapons in collector and even scholar community. In this regard, the appearance on the Ukrainian market of antique saber, known as a personal weapon “perhaps of Hetman Yurii Khmelnytsky itself” was an important event. After studying of characteristics of saber, the author concludes that style of sample combines the features of different historical periods. If the saber is a fake, it could be produced only in modern times, when the serious scientific research on Ukrainian arts, crafts and morphology of Eastern European bladed weapons have been published. One should note that the appearance of such creation must speed up scientific studies of antique Ukrainian cold steel. This pattern, made in “faithful historical style”, creates a real precedent for expanding the field of scientific discussions about the morphology of Ukrainian karabela, made by craftsmen of Central or Eastern Ukraine in the second half of the 18th century. Thus in the late 19th century, the heyday of the industry of fakes, none of the famous Ukrainian collectors or respected scientists already could not clearly explain how specifically would look like authentic Ukrainian sabre. The name “Cossack” is usually referred to the samples of Ottoman, Persian, Central Asian and Eastern European bladed weapons dating from 18 to 19th centuries. The similar concept accepted in contemporary museum collections of Ukraine. At present the problem of identifying of Ukrainian cold steel of the early modern time is more relevant than ever. Many questions regarding the origin, development and distribution of Cossack armament are still unresolved.