Соціальні результати ідеологічно орієнтованих урбаністичних реформ у сільських поселеннях України

Abstract

Розглянуто основні ідеологічно мотивовані урбаністичні реформи, яких зазнало українське село протягом епохи соціалізму в ХХ ст., у сфері нормування площ земельних ділянок сільських садиб. Простежено втілення цих реформ у генеральних планах і планах детального розпланування сельбищних територій сільських поселень України. Проаналізовано, як зазначені реформи позначились на виробництві сільськогосподарської продукції, соціально-демографічній структурі сільського населення, структурі домогосподарств і загальній життєдіяльності та психології селян.

It is considered the main ideologically motivated urban reforms that the Ukrainian village underwent in the twentieth century during the socialist era, in the field of standardization of the area of land plots for rural estates. It is also analysed the implementation of these reforms in master plans and Хdetailed planning of rural settlements in Ukraine and, as a consequence, how these reforms affected agricultural production, social and demographic structure of rural population, the structure of households and life and psychology of peasants in general. Since the 1930s, in the development of master plans of a Ukrainian village there was a gradual reduction of the area of a land plot for the peasant’s estate: the first phase from 0.8–1.2 hectares to 0.25 hectares, in the 1960s – up to 0.08 ha, in experimental villages even up to 0.06–0.04 ha. Starting from the mid 1980s and till the present day, the area of a rural estate in the master plans for village development is standardized between 0.08 and 0.12 hectares. Minimization of the area of a land plot for a rural house was followed by sharp decrease in the area and number of premises of a rural estate, which made it impossible to maintain a private subsidiary farming and reduced the rural estate to monofunction of residing, and the ensemble of such estates is considered as residential area of the village and it became a zoning norm. Overall this kind of urbanization led to the destruction of the very essence of peasant subsidiary farming, which traditionally consisted of two complementary functions: residence and agricultural production. It was expected that a radical reduction in the area of the estate was to be offset by the allocation of land for agricultural production outside the village. However, because of ignorance or deliberate disregard of rural lifestyle peculiarities and specifics and needs of a private subsidiary farming, as well as a number of other reasons, the above described method of rural planning did not prove its value. Moreover, this policy had particularly grave consequences for the livestock sector. The Communist leadership policy to create rural proletariat with the assistance of collectivisation, considerable reduction of the area of the rural estate, minimization or complete elimination of a private subsidiary farming became the major reasons of degradation of the Ukrainian village. Despite the changes in the development of economy of Ukraine from the socialist way to the market relationship, master plans for villages development are still based on the principles, design and architectural standards embodied in the 1960s and, as a result, the destruction of the Ukrainian village is going to be continued as long as these master plans are going to be used. So, master plans of villages should be developed with careful consideration of awareness of the needs and complex design tasks which have to take into account the real specifics of rural lifestyles and economic requirements. That is why, when designing rural quarters, architects need to realise clearly what types of households are going to be developed, and what is the ratio of these types. Whether these are going to be households focused on agricultural production and what size of the production or whether these are going to be just quarters of residential houses for those who are not engaged in agricultural production or whether these are going to be some combination of different types.