Стильові особливості архітектурних ансамблів та комплексів монастирів ЧСВВ у XVIII столітті

Abstract

У статті визначено основні стильові особливості архітектурних ансамблів та комплексів монастирів Чину Святого Василія Великого (ЧСВВ) в епоху бароко у XVIII столітті та класифіковано основні архітектурно-художні риси.The article is devoted to processing of little investigated aspects of architectural and artistic ensembles and complexes of the OSBM monasteries in the XVIII century of the Baroque era that facilitates the development of certain principles of the revalorization of the city planning monuments for further development. The purpose of this article is to identify the main stylistic features of the preserved architectural ensembles and complexes of the monasteries of St. Basil the Great (OSBM) which were the top of the perfection of the Baroque in the XVIII century and classify the major architectural and artistic trends. There were almost 200 architectural ensembles and complexes of the monastery of the OSBM on the territory of modern Eastern Europe (Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary and Ukraine) in the eighteenth century. Each monastery was created by the certain stylistic principles, basing on the dominant at that time Baroque style. The monastic ensembles and complexes of the OSBM received the special development and reconstructions in the XVIII century. They were harmoniously combined residential buildings of commercial and sacred purpose with the landscape areas that were formed on the basis of the Order of OSBM. During their first period from 1617 to 1743 the monasteries of the OSBM were building of wood. And since the beginning of the XVIII century the Basilian monastic ensembles and complexes have been rebuilt. Some new monasteries were built. It was the time of their prosperity. Their development lasted until 1772 when there was the division of Poland. In general we can distinguish 3 main spatiotemporal events and factors that influenced the development of architecture of the monasteries of the OSBM. They are the political factors, the availability of land owners and patrons who were interested in building monasteries and the need of modernization. The patrons who financed the building of monasteries played the important role in the development of the Basilian Order. The famous architects were involved for the construction of the Basilian monasteries of the OSBM. The authors tried to combine the local architectural traditions with the dominant at the time Baroque style. The unique kind of Baroque – “Vilna Baroque” is the product of interpretation of architects of monasteries of the OSBM. It is the scientific name of the late period of Baroque in sacral architecture of Eastern Europe in the middle of the XVIII century. Vilna baroque harmoniously united the local national traditions with borrowed forms of the late West European Baroque. Under the influence of romanization of Eastern liturgy, all these churches inherited spatial compositions of the Roman Catholic churches. The sacred buildings of Vilna Baroque are deprived of simplicity and severity of early Baroque cathedrals. They received lightness skillful and masterly of towers, waviness, increased flexibility of the main facades and tiered towers. Practically, every Vilna Baroque monument was of great urban importance. A striking example is the monastery of the OSBM in. Buchach of Ternopil region in Ukraine. The new stylistic direction the Cossack Baroque (Ukrainian Baroque, Mazepa Baroque) appeared in the XVII–XVIII centuries on the land of the Zaporizhian Cossacks. It was the kind of style interpreting of the European Baroque and Cossack’s culture. The Ukrainian Baroque influenced the construction of the monasteries of the OSBM. In particular, the example of this is the Pochayiv Lavra in Pochayiv in Ternopil region and the Cathedral of St. George's in the city of Lviv. They are characterized by increased expression, picturesque and decorative expression. The ansembles of monasteries of that period impress by their unusual asymmetric compositional ordering of buildings, plastic of shapes, rich molding of facade decor and their organic unity with nature. The monasteries were build by the Order of OSBM with the style of the sample of the Order of Jesuits, that the so-called Jesuit Baroque. A striking example of this solution is the Basilian monastery in the village of Pidhirtsi of Brody district of Lviv region. It is characterized by modesty, simplicity and following early European Baroque.