Розвиток формотворення театральних будівель під впливом творчих конкурсних ідей 1920–1930-х років

Abstract

Розглядаються еволюційні етапи розвитку форми театрів, розвиток вітчизняної театральної архітектури 1920–1930 рр. з визначенням місця і ролі творчих конкурсів та їхній вплив на формотворення театральних будівель. In the paper are considered the evolutionary stages of the theaters form development, the development of 1920–1930’s domestic theatrical architecture with the definition of the creative competitions’ place and role and their influence on the theater buildings formation. During a detailed analysis of the competitive architectural practice it have been revealed not only projects, but many text documents and rare periodicals editions, that covering the motives of choice. In the study of the competition activity development of the early twentieth century a comparative analysis of the competitive projects and corresponding texts is important in architectural process. It is therefore interesting to analyze the stages of theater buildings morphogenesis and to determine the impact of 1920-1930’s creative competitions on the further theater architecture development. Different types of public buildings have been evolved over the time both – quantitatively and qualitatively. Some of them have historical prototypes – others emerged in recent decades. Many of them constantly grew high in quality, and sometimes were quite different from their predecessors. But contemporary theater buildings have retained much in common with their ancient counterparts, when scene, prosсenium, box-seats and rows of seats have not been changed since the ancient times. Theatres are the oldest public buildings that exist in almost all nations. They first appeared in ancient Greece and had a huge size and unique acoustics. In the later Roman theater the unification of scene and viewing parts was happened. During the Middle Ages theatre almost disappeared. In the VII century theatrical performance was not a decree, but a theatrical action on a religious theme. At that time, the open areas of the court were used as the scene, and performances were opened to the public. The development of the spatial organization of theater in the new historical period (XVII–XIX) took place under the influence of Italian architecture with the introduction of the changes caused by development features of the action.Further development of the theater organization was active in theater architecture of France. The XIX-early XX development of society caused the emergence of a new type of theater, which was offset by rank distribution. In the early twentieth century was occurred the seeking of new forms of theater organization,that generated the synthetic theatre ideas – theatre with the transformation of the hall, stage etc. This resulted in the necessity to create fundamentally new approaches to theater architecture, which was not possible without generating new creative ideas, where architectural competitions are one of those forms. One of the most significant was the international competition for theater of mass musical action for 4000 spectators in Kharkiv. Although the theater building was not implemented, a huge part of this competition can not be overstated. Because all theatrical architecture of XX century was greatly influenced by creative ideas offered by participants in this contest. Architects of 1920–1930’s were actively engaged in conceptual ideas and have proposed new alternative method of architecture, trying to create a new reality.