Державне регулювання системи пенсійного забезпечення

Abstract

Дисертацію присвячено вирішенню наукового завдання розроблення методико-понятійних положень та рекомендацій щодо державного регулювання системою пенсійного забезпечення в Україні. Представлено іноземний досвід формування системи пенсійного забезпечення. Запропоновано інструментарій визначення ефективності пенсійної підсистеми. Вперше розроблено модель обов’язкової накопичувальної пенсійної підсистеми, яка базується на передачі накопичувальних пенсійних програм індивідів пенсійним фондом України недержавним пенсійним фондам шляхом аукціонних торгів. Проведено аналізування добровільної накопичувальної підсистеми пенсійного забезпечення в результаті якого, доведено її неефективність та збитковість. Удосконалено структуру інвестиційного портфелю недержавних пенсійних фондів, які здійснюють свою діяльність на третьому рівні системи пенсійного забезпечення. Розроблено рекомендації для підвищення ефективності функціонування розподільчої та добровільної накопичувальної підсистем пенсійного забезпечення в Україні. Диссертация посвящена решению научной задачи разработки методикопонятийных положений и рекомендаций по государственному регулированию системой пенсионного обеспечения в Украине. Представлены иностранный опыт формирования системы пенсионного обеспечения. Разработан инструментарий определения эффективности пенсионной подсистемы. Впервые разработана модель обязательной накопительной пенсионной подсистемы, которая основывается на передаче накопительных пенсионных программ индивидов пенсионным фондом Украины негосударственным пенсионным фондам на основе аукционных торгов. Проведен анализ добровольной накопительной подсистемы пенсионного обеспечения в результате которого, доказана ее неэффективность и убыточность. Усовершенствована структура инвестиционного портфеля негосударственных пенсионных фондов, осуществляющих свою деятельность на третьем уровне системы пенсионного обеспечения. Разработаны рекомендации для повышения эффективности функционирования распределительной и добровольной накопительной подсистем пенсионного обеспечения в Украине. The dissertation is devoted to solving the scientific problem of developing methodological and conceptual provisions and recommendations for state regulation of the pension system in Ukraine. Foreign experience in the formation of the pension system is presented. The object of research is the processes of state regulation of the pension research system. The subject of the study is the theoretical, methodological and applied principles of state regulation of the pension system. The scientific work presents a scheme of interaction of elements of the pension system with the parameters of state economic policy. The essence and significance of state regulation of the pension system in the national economy are revealed, as well as its directions at each level of pension subsystems are characterized. The dissertation presents the features of functioning and development of distribution and storage subsystems. The key differences between the distribution and funded pension subsystems in terms of how they are organized and presented, namely: the formation of pension reserves, the use of actuarial calculations, the obligation of public administration and the use of defined contribution schemes or defined benefits. It is determined that the reforms of pension systems carried out in the OECD countries mainly concerned distributive pension systems and were aimed at reducing government liabilities to retirees. These include raising the retirement age, raising the minimum length of service required to receive a pension, restricting early retirement (prohibition, or reducing the pension), and encouraging later retirement (increasing the pension). The most innovative are reforms with built-in stabilization mechanisms, which link retirement age to life expectancy after retirement, and pension benefits to the ratio of assets and liabilities of the state distribution system. The dissertation characterizes and analyzes the state and trends in the development of pension subsystems of Ukraine, as well as analyzes the performance of pension systems in developed countries. The comparison of pension systems of different countries is based on the indicator of the efficiency of the pension system. Empirical comparative analysis of the efficiency of pension systems of different countries, in our opinion, should take into account the ability of each of the systems to provide retirees with the highest level of replacement rate per 1 percentage point of GDP spent by the state on the pension system taking into account the demographic burden. Measures have been developed to improve the existing distribution pension subsystem, create a mandatory funded pension subsystem and reform the voluntary funded subsystem. In the dissertation work the model of analysis of functioning and forecasting of activity of distribution subsystem of pension provision is finished. The system of measures for the development of the state distribution pension subsystem has been developed, which includes: cost optimization and efficiency of the pension fund of Ukraine, introduction of incentives for official employment in the field of illegal employment, raising the retirement age, raising the single social contribution rate for private entrepreneurs. These measures will make it possible to achieve a higher replacement rate. The need to implement in Ukraine a strategy of mandatory funded pension insurance is due to the following factors: 1. The legal field of Ukraine has long defined a three-tier pension system, moreover, adopted legal documents on its full implementation. The problem is to postpone the introduction of the second element of the pension system due to the unwillingness to assume economic, social and political risks by the legislature and the executive. 2. The waiver of compulsory pension insurance in favor of the voluntary is ineffective due to the lack of trust in private investment institutions in most employees. 3. Full-fledged activity of the obligatory accumulative element of the pension system will be another source of financing of economic development of the state, as one of the main functions of this element is investment of accumulated funds in the objects of the national economy. The scheme of functioning of the accumulative element of the second level of the pension system developed by the author was presented. The role of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, state auctions and non-state pension funds in this scheme were considered. Tools for determining the efficiency of the pension subsystem have been developed. For the first time, a model of mandatory funded pension subsystem was developed, which is based on the transfer of funded pension programs of individuals to the pension fund of Ukraine to non-state pension funds on the basis of auction bidding, taking into account the share of employee contributions, accumulation period. The developed model of accumulation of pension contributions and income from investment activities of individual pension accounts of an individual presents two stages, namely: the period of accumulation and payment of pension assets. The period of accumulation is characterized by the pension contributions, and the second by the payment of the accumulated pension capital of the individual and the subsequent investment of his balances. After analyzing the financial statements of the subsystem of voluntary pension provision, a conclusion about its inefficiency was formed. The reason for this is the low return on investment of NPFs, the high level of remuneration of managers and the waste of NPF assets for pension payments. The structure of the investment portfolio of non-state pension funds operating at the third level of the pension system has been improved. Recommendations for improving the efficiency of distribution and voluntary accumulative pension subsystems in Ukraine have been developed.