Провідні ВНЗ у системі науково-технологічних кластерів країн світу у період глобальних трансформацій

Abstract

Розглянуто кластерний підхід як один із дієвих механізмів підвищення конкурентоспроможності ВНЗ, регіонів їх розташування та країн загалом в умовах глобалізації. Визначені фактори досягнення ефективної взаємодії у межах інноваційно-технологічних кластерів, роль та значення ВНЗ у їх формуванні. Досліджено провідні глобальні рейтинги країн світу за критеріями конкурентоспроможності їх економік, освіти та науки, розвиненості кластерів та ефективності інноваційної діяльності. Вивчено рейтинги найкращих ВНЗ світу, зроблено висновки за результатами порівняння рейтингових позицій країн світу про наявність істотного зв’язку між наявністю провідних інноваційних ВНЗ, науково-технологічних кластерів у країні та її позиціями у глобальних рейтингах конкурентоспроможності. In the article the cluster approach as one of the most effective mechanisms to improve the competitiveness of universities, regions and countries of their location in the context of globalization is revealed. The factors of effective cooperation achievement interaction within the innovation and technology clusters, the role and importance of universities in their formation are defined. Leading global rankings of the countries in the world according to the criteria of competitiveness of their economies, education and science, development of clusters and innovation activity efficiency, rankings of the best universities in the world are examined. The comparison of ranking position revealed significant connection between the presence of leading innovative universities, scientific and technological clusters in the country and its position in global competitiveness rankings. Globalization promotes that own and sole entities cannot achieve a high and effective results of which become available to them on terms of cooperation and joint efforts to realize the growth potential and increase its competitiveness. In many cases the innovation capacity of companies and organizations is revealed in the possibilities of their participation in clusters in their operation region. Efficient cluster should operate on a “triple helix” – “science-business-community.” It is known that universities are best suited for the role of integrator scientific and technological, operational, managerial knowledge and formation of the basis of the cluster. In addition, the role of institutions in shaping lace organizational structure of the cluster also seems reasonable. Universities have the right to perform educational function for all members of the cluster, including the exchange of knowledge, experience, new methods and successful management models to improve sustainability of cluster formation, increase staff potential participants in the cluster. Global competitiveness of countries deals with the level of its science and higher education. Table 1-3 confirm the relationship between the level of global competitiveness, innovation countries and the presence of their leading universities. In particular, countries such as Switzerland, the USA, UK, Singapore, Canada, with powerful world-class universities, confirm its high level of competitiveness and innovativeness of the economy, show rapid economic growth. Given this,governments should consider such important role of science and universities in formulating and implementing an effective competition policy in the context of globalization. The following research methods: analysis and synthesis, The actuality of the articles and insufficient scientific study of the problem forms the prospects for further scientific research and studies of the author towards improving the management of higher education institutions. Specifically, further research will deal with the key factors of global competitiveness identifying and achieving, the possibility to consider these factors for the development of strategic directions of domestic institutions development in the context of globalization of education.