Періоди формування архітектури пасажирських споруд залізниць Закарпаття

Abstract

Досліджуються найхарактерніші архітектурно-пластичні ознаки пасажирських споруд залізниць Закарпаття за основними історичними періодами їхнього формування. The article is concentrated on the most characteristic and primarily exterior architectural and compositional features of station buildings and passenger buildings of Transcarpathian railways according to the main historical periods of their formation. 1. The main historical periods of formation of Transcarpathian passenger buildings architecture, which were reflected in their composition, are determined in this article. Mostly, the periods correspond to state and political formations within this territory: Initial (1872–1914), Interwar (1919/1920–1938), Postwar (1945–1970), New (1970–2000) and Contemporary (from 2000). Wars and changes in the political formations could not be regarded as the positive factor for construction of railway station buildings (1914–1920, 1938–1945, 1991). 2. It was determined that Initial and Post-war periods were characterized by symmetrical composition of the main building, the image of these building matches other civil buildings of that time, facade finish, as well as the whole composition and corresponds to examples of classical buildings. Generic character and unification are confirmed by repeatedness of the use of such architecture in other territories of countries, to which Transcarpathia belonged at that time. This reflects the contemporary views of monarchical Austro-Hungarian (station buildings Batiovo, Berehovo, Bilyn, Lazeshtchyna, Vynohradiv, Vovtchyj, Zan’ka) totalitarian Soviet (Chop, Korolevo, Kosyny, Mukatchevo, Peretchyn, Svalava, Volovets,) centralistic patterns of life and thought. 3. The Interwar Period, when Carpathian Ruthenia belonged to Czechoslovakia (Irshava, Khust), and New Period (Velykyi Bereznyi, new building in Chop) demonstrate some liberty in formation of railway station buildings – no strict symmetry of form, laconism, no or limited number of decorations bring them Lviv Polytechnic National University Institutional Repository http://ena.lp.edu.ua 60 closer to rationalistic architecture. This is more common for residential and utilitarian construction and helps to perceive openness for the user and corresponds to the ideas of democratic communities. 4. The Contemporary Period shows polarity of approaches to architecture of passenger buildings of railway: on the one hand, this is the active visualization of facades, use of decorations, design of interiors that is close to idea of affirmation and pomposity (Uzhhorod, partially Rakhiv), and on the other hand, creating unpretentious canopies over the benches on the platforms (passenger buildings Svydovets, Uzhok). They are implemented by simple technological means, sometimes not very professionally, but as intended for users from remote areas. 5. Transcarpathia is characteristic of small passenger buildings at train stops of asymmetrical composition; some contain distinct arch motifs accompanied with half-open spaces or galleries. They differ in approach: from one-style with a large architectural complex (a stop Karpaty near health resort, the former palace of duke Schönborn near Svalava) to those made due to the typical design and replicated. Those buildings were erected in different periods, apart from the last one (Dobrosilla (it was destroyed 2012), Nevytske, Sil, Tsehlivka, Vorotchevo etc.). 6. By taking to account that the condition of Transcarpathia railway station buildings is satisfactory, there is the lack of quality in nowadays railway platforms of this region — their length and height rarely correspond to the length and height of the wagons, they are often narrow, are not fenced, don’t have easy access to sidewalks, as well as the ramps for wheelchairs and bicycles; coating, marking and labeling do not meet modern understanding; technical condition is average. Railway platforms of Uzhhorod station building and partly the Chop railway building are equipped with underground access, canopies, visual information system and in such a way they are getting close to modern safety requirements and the needs for passengers. On the one hand the small historical passenger building Dobrosilla (Bene) was destroyed and at another hand the new magnificent station building in Uzhhorod was constructed. With the course of time, a series of Transcarpathian station buildings were supplemented with new additions and underwent reconstruction that makes their dating more complicated and requires further research. The study shows temporal, typological and compositional diversity of passenger stations of Transcarpathian railway. They accompany us in the present and represent important architectural and economic achievements. Most of them require preservation, research and modernization as monuments.