Spontaneous and regular models of fortified cities of Ukraine in the 16th–17th centuries

dc.citation.epage9
dc.citation.issue1
dc.citation.spage1
dc.contributor.affiliationНаціональний університет “Львівська політехніка”
dc.contributor.affiliationLviv Polytechnic National University
dc.contributor.authorЧеркес, Богдан
dc.contributor.authorЛитвинчук, Ілля
dc.contributor.authorCherkes, Bohdan
dc.contributor.authorLytvynchuk, Iliia
dc.coverage.placenameЛьвів
dc.coverage.placenameLviv
dc.date.accessioned2023-03-27T09:54:10Z
dc.date.available2023-03-27T09:54:10Z
dc.date.created2020-10-10
dc.date.issued2020-10-10
dc.description.abstractНа українських прикордонних землях були запроваджені принципи ранньомодерного європейського урбанізму, який, насамперед, включав оборонний компонент у XVI–XVII століттях. Інвентарні документи та дослідження того часу свідчать про те, що наявність оборонних споруд навколо населених пунктів визначалася статусом міста, що дало привілеї та обов’язки захищати та зберігати укріплення міста та замку. Однак присутність архаїчних давньоруських традицій продовжувался на землях Поділля аж до 18 століття, що підтверджується інвентарними планами, зробленими картографами Російської імперії після Другого поділу Речі Посполитої. Ми розрізняємо два основні типи укріплень, які лягли в основу містобудування та вплинули на його міську модель. Перший ми називаємо стихійним – він формувався без будь-якого цілісного плану; другий тип – регулярним – розташування системи оборони, ринкової площі та сакральних споруд було розроблено відповідно до попередньо ретельно розробленого плану. Методика авторів базується на тому факті, що планувальна структура історичного міста була незмінною протягом XVI–XVII століть, а роботи над реликтами автентичного планування збереглися до наших днів (згадані вище “кадастрові відбитки”). Стабільність планувальної структури залежала від таких факторів: 1) повільний процес колонізації в прикордонних районах і, як наслідок, низький приріст міст, 2) недостатнє фінансування модернізації міських укріплень власником, власником або державою, 3) стабільна система управління майном нерухомості, яка регулювала розміри земельних ділянок. Ця систематизація вказує на те, що застосування регулярних принципів у фундаменті міста на кордоні степу є винятком, а не звичним явищем. На території між річками Дністра та Бугом ми виявили 15 міст та укріплень, що мають особливості регулярного планування, та 148 – стихійні.
dc.description.abstractThe Ukrainian frontier lands have introduced the principles of early-modern European urbanism which primarily included a defense component in the 16th–17th centuries. The inventory papers and studies of that time indicate that the presence of defense structures around the settlements was determined by the city status, which gave privileges and responsibilities to defend and keep both the city and castle fortifications. However, the presence of archaic ancient Kievan Rus’ traditions continued in the lands of Podillia up to the 18th century, which is proved by the inventory plans taken by cartographers of the Russian Empire after the Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. We distinguish between the two main types of fortifications which formed the basis of urban development and influenced their urban model. The first one is called spontaneous – it was formed without any integral plan; the second type is a regular one – the location of the defense system, market square, and sacral structures was designed according to the carefully developed plan. The basis of our research methodology is the fact that the planning structure of the historic city was invariable during the 16th–17th centuries and the works on the relics of ancient planning that have been preserved up to present (mentioned above cadastral prints). The stability of a design structure depended on the following factors: 1) slow colonization process in the border areas and, as a result, low urban growth 2) insufficient funding of the modernization of urban fortifications by the owner, possessor or the state 3) stable estate property management system which regulated the size of the plots. This systematization indicates that the application of regular principles in the city foundation on the steppe border is an exception rather than the usual phenomenon. On the territory between rivers Dniester and Bug we identified 15 cities and fortifications having features of regular planning, and 148 – spontaneous. Thus, the two models of urban development of the Ukrainian cities located on the steppe border in the 16th–17th centuries are analyzed. The analysis proves a close interrelation between the model of urban development and its defense system. It is defined three plans of urban development of border cities: 1. Conservation of urban planning structure of spontaneous planning due to economic stagnation or inappropriateness in the modernization of urban fortifications (Vinnytsia, Bratslav, Khmilnyk). 2. Development of a new city using the idea in cruda radice according to modern principles of fortifications of the 17th century and principles of regular city planning (Yampil, Rashkiv, Kalush). 3. Combination of old spontaneous and regular model principles of urban development in the process of modernization. The proposed method of identification of city elements by cadastral prints can be used only in combination with a careful evaluation of information on the settlement history, and by comparing it with historical context and events, as well as with a full-scale survey of preserved relics on the area.
dc.format.extent1-9
dc.format.pages9
dc.identifier.citationCherkes B. Spontaneous and regular models of fortified cities of Ukraine in the 16th–17th centuries / Bohdan Cherkes, Iliia Lytvynchuk // Architectural Studies. — Lviv : Lviv Politechnic Publishing House, 2020. — Vol 6. — No 1. — P. 1–9.
dc.identifier.citationenCherkes B., Lytvynchuk I. (2020) Spontaneous and regular models of fortified cities of Ukraine in the 16th–17th centuries. Architectural Studies (Lviv), vol. 6, no 1, pp. 1-9.
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.23939/as2020.01.001
dc.identifier.urihttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/57806
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherВидавництво Львівської політехніки
dc.publisherLviv Politechnic Publishing House
dc.relation.ispartofArchitectural Studies, 1 (6), 2020
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dc.relation.referencesUpravlinnya mistobuduvannya ta arkhitektury Vynnytsʹkoyi oblasnoyi derzhavnoyi administratsi, 1987. Yampol of
dc.relation.referencesVinnytsia Region. Master plan and first stage of construction, Inv. No. 6586.
dc.relation.referencesenAYUZR, 1890. Archive of Southwestern Russia, issued by the Provisional Commission for the Analysis of Ancient Acts,
dc.relation.referencesenestablished under the Governor-General of Kiev, Podolsk and Volyn, part 7 t. 2.
dc.relation.referencesenBevz, M., 2004, Methods of Identification and Verification of Multiple Elements of the Planning and Spatial System of a
dc.relation.referencesenHistoric City (on the Belz City Example). Bulletin of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic". Series: Architecture, 505, P. 350–60.
dc.relation.referencesenBoplan, H., 1990, Description of Ukraine, several provinces of the Kingdom of Poland, extending from the borders of
dc.relation.referencesenMuscovy to the borders of Transylvania, together with their customs, lifestyles and wars. Translated from the French by J. Kravets
dc.relation.referencesenand P. Borysyuk. Kyyiv: Nauk. dumka
dc.relation.referencesenBordunova, Y. R., 2012. Feeding book of Russian urban planning. Territory and Planning, 4, s. 43–47.
dc.relation.referencesenÉSBE, 1892. Verkhovka In: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, t. 6, s. 79.
dc.relation.referencesenÉSBE, 1899. Rashkov. In: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, t. 26, s. 396.
dc.relation.referencesenHavrylenko, F.. 2018. Khmelnitsky (Khmelnitsky): urban fortifications of Ploskirov [online] Available at:<https://forum.zamki-kreposti.com.ua/topic/1768-khmelʹnytskyy-khmelʹnytsʹkyy-horodskye-ukreplenyya-ploskyrova/> [Accessed10 April 2019]
dc.relation.referencesenHulʹdman, V., 1901. Monuments of old Podolia. Kamenets-Podolʹskyy: Typohrafyya Podolʹskoho hubernskoho
dc.relation.referencesenpravlenyya, s. 153.
dc.relation.referencesenIhnatʺyev, I. ta Pohoriletsʹ, O., 2012, Aerial photography – as a method of finding and exploring the remains of the
dc.relation.referencesenmedieval fortress "Rakocci Castle". New Studies of Cossack Age Monuments in Ukraine: Coll. of sciences, 21, ch. 1, s. 214–218.
dc.relation.referencesenKaplinsʹka, M., 2014, Long Markets in Historic Cities of East Galicia. Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University.
dc.relation.referencesenArchitecture Series, 757, s. 302–309.
dc.relation.referencesenKopylov, S., ta Zadorozhnyuk, A. 2011. Descriptions of Podilskyi province at the end of XVIII – beginning of XIX century.
dc.relation.referencesenKamʺyanetsʹ-Podilʹsʹkyy: Aksioma, s. 98.
dc.relation.referencesenLukomsʹka, Z. ta Malyshko, O. 2015, Town-planning heritage of Kalush from the XV–XVIII centuries. Contemporary
dc.relation.referencesenIssues of Research, Restoration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Coll. of sciences. of Art Studies, Architecture and Cultural
dc.relation.referencesenStudies, 11, s. 183–188.
dc.relation.referencesenLukomsʹka, Z., 2004. The City of Ivano-Frankivsk – History and Modernity. Bulletin of the National University "Lviv
dc.relation.referencesenPolytechnic". Series: Architecture, 505, s. 198.
dc.relation.referencesenLunyak, Ye., 2013. Cossack Ukraine of the 16th – 18th centuries [online] Available at: < https://www.myslenedrevo.
dc.relation.referencesencom.ua/uk/Sci/HistSources/CossackUkraineFrance/Magdeleine.html > [Accessed 10 April 2019]
dc.relation.referencesenLypa, K., 2007. Under the protection of walls. Kyyiv: Nash chas, s. 44.
dc.relation.referencesenLytvynchuk, I ta Rybchynsʹkyy, O. 2019. A comprehensive study of the urbanistic genesis of the fortified city of Yampol,
dc.relation.referencesenVinnytsia region. Current issues in research, conservation and restoration of historic fortification, 11, s. 120–51
dc.relation.referencesenMalʹchenko, O., 2001. Fortified settlements of the Bratslav, Kyiv and Podilsky provinces of the 15th – the middle of the 17th centuries.
dc.relation.referencesenKyyiv: Natsionalʹna akademiya nauk Ukrayiny, Instytut ukrayinsʹkoyi arkheohrafiyi ta dzhereloznavstva im. M. S. Hrushevsʹkoho.
dc.relation.referencesenMatviyishyn, Ya., 2003, Picturesque plans of three Ukrainian castle-fortresses from the XVII century. (Bar, Medjimboja,
dc.relation.referencesenChyhyryn) in the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France. Historical Cartography of Ukraine, p. 195–200.
dc.relation.referencesenMohytych, R., 1994 Bibrka. (princely days in the planning structure of Western Ukrainian cities). Bulletin of
dc.relation.referencesenUkrZahidProjectRestoration, 2, s. 3–9.
dc.relation.referencesenOkonchenko, I., ta Okonchenko, O., 2014 Chronology of the genesis of the fortifications of Zhovkva. Zhovkva through the
dc.relation.referencesenages, 3, P. 104–18
dc.relation.referencesenOlyanchyn, D., 1937, Description of the Swedish Ambassador’s voyage to Ukraine 1656–1657. Notes of the Scientific
dc.relation.referencesenSociety. Shevchenko, t. 154, s. 51–52.
dc.relation.referencesenRybchynsʹkyy, O., 2017. Formation and revitalization of the middle ground of historical cities of Ukraine. Doctor of
dc.relation.referencesenArchitecture. Lʹviv, P. 97–8
dc.relation.referencesenRychkov, P., 1992. Sources of the Russian State Military-Historical Archive to the History of Urban Planning in RightBank Ukraine. Archives of Ukraine, 5/6, s. 52–61
dc.relation.referencesenRychkov, P., 1996. Market Square. Monuments of Ukraine: History and Culture, 2 s. 26–31.
dc.relation.referencesenSetsynskyy, E., ed., 1901. Proceedings of the Podolsk Diocesan Historical and Statistical Committee, 9. KamenetsPodolʹskyy: Typohrafyya S. P. Kyrzhatskoho, Nykolaevskaya ploshchadʹ, d. No. 5.
dc.relation.referencesenSitsinsʹkyy, Yu., 2001. Archaeological map of Podolsk province: facsimile reprint. Ed. Bazhenov, O., ta Vynokur.,
dc.relation.referencesenI. Kam’yanetsʹ-Podilʹsʹkyy: Tsentr Podillyeznavstva.
dc.relation.referencesenTersʹkyy, S., 2006. Lucessk of the X–XV centuries. Lviv: Publishing House of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic, s. 75
dc.relation.referencesenUpravlinnya mistobuduvannya ta arkhitektury Vynnytsʹkoyi oblasnoyi derzhavnoyi administratsi, 1987. Yampol of
dc.relation.referencesenVinnytsia Region. Master plan and first stage of construction, Inv. No. 6586.
dc.relation.urihttps://forum.zamki-kreposti.com.ua/topic/1768-khmelʹnytskyy-khmelʹnytsʹkyy-horodskye-ukreplenyya-ploskyrova/>
dc.relation.urihttps://www.myslenedrevo
dc.rights.holder© Національний університет „Львівська політехніка“, 2018
dc.rights.holder© Cherkes B., Lytvynchuk I., 2020
dc.subjectукріплення
dc.subjectрегулярні принципи
dc.subjectкордон
dc.subjectкадастрові відбитки
dc.subjectоборона
dc.subjectПоділля
dc.subjectfortifications
dc.subjectregular
dc.subjectborder
dc.subjectcadastral footprint
dc.subjectdefence
dc.subjectPodillia
dc.titleSpontaneous and regular models of fortified cities of Ukraine in the 16th–17th centuries
dc.title.alternativeСпонтанні та регулярні моделі у фортифікованих міст України у XVI–XVII ст.
dc.typeArticle

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