Особливості архітектури будівель Києво-Могилянської академії у період XVII–XX ст.

Abstract

Висвітлено і проаналізовано особливості архітектури комплексу будівель Києво- Могилянської академії періоду XVII–XX ст. у контексті становлення і розвитку духовно- гуманітарної освіти в Україні та виокремлено основні чинники, які найбільше вплинули на формування архітектури духовних, навчальних, житлових, адміністративних і господарських будівель академії. The article highlights and analyzes the architectural peculiarities of the building complex of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” in the XVII–XX century in the context of the formation and development of theological and humanitarian education in Ukraine. It outlines the key factors that have the most profound influence on the architectural formation of the theological, educational, residential, administrative and household buildings of the academy. The historical and architectural building complex of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” emerged as a coherent ensemble in the XVI–XIX c. and together with the Ostroh Academy represented the most ancient and famous higher theological and humanitarian educational institutions in the Eastern Europe. Throughout its long history, the Ukrainian country did not have a more significant educational establishment, which would have a similar profound influence on the development of Ukrainian spirituality, science and culture. For centuries, the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” has been an important factor of the consciousness formation of the Ukrainian nation and a creator of the national inspiration in the fight for the parental faith and the independent state. The architectural and space-planning organization of the building complex of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” depicts the influence of the range of factors. The first one is the spiritual factor. The academy as a theological and educational formation arose on the walls of the Fraternal Monastery and its dominant feature was the Epiphany Cathedral surrounded by the complex of spiritual, educational and household buildings. The second factor can be defined as educational and functional one. This particular factor was major in terms of locating educational and administrative buildings, residential campuses, kitchens, dining room and household buildings and shaped their planning and stylistic peculiarities. The next factor is city-planning, because the building complex of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” is situated in the center of Kyiv and forms the square (known today as the Contract Square). It constitutes the most important feature of the urban space. The natural and climatic factor is the fourth factor, which was involved into the architectural formation of the “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” buildings (roof shapes, wall thickness, window sizes, etc.). The fifth factor, which is called constructive, influenced the usage of such local building materials as stone, wood and rooftops, as well as the implementation of the construction schemes of temples, educational campuses, residential and civil buildings, which were traditional for Kyiv and its suburbs. The sixth factor is the factor of artistic and stylistic decoration, which defined the space-planning organization and stylization of the architectural image of the temple, educational, administrative, residential and household buildings of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”. During the years of reconstruction and reorganization of the FraternalMonastery buildings and later on the “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” the above mentioned factors outlined the architectural and space-planning organization, as well as the artistic stylization of the buildings of the analyzed theological and humanitarian educational complex. The research of the building complex architecture witnessed in the XVII–XX centuries allows referring the proclaimed higher educational institution to the category of theological and humanitarian establishments. The peculiarities of the learning process and the functionality of the academy buildings reveal the inextricable connection of the theological and humanitarian education and the study of natural science. The combination of theological and material knowledge forms the solid educational background and becomes a brilliant starting point for the future professional life of the “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” graduates, who are true Christians and patriots of their land.