Становлення і розвиток природоохоронних інститутів в Австро-Угорській імперії: історико-правий вимір (на матеріалах Східної Галичини 1867–1918 рр.)

Abstract

У дисертації системно проаналізовано австрійське природоохоронне загальнодержавне і крайове законодавство другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століття. На підставі нормативно-правових актів, наукової літератури та архівних джерел висвітлено безпосередню практику охорони та використання природних об’єктів та їх ресурсів у Східній Галичині в період 1867–1918 рр. під кутом дотримання норм діючого на той час законодавства. Розглянуто участь Австро-Угорської імперії в міжнародно-правових угодах природоохоронного характеру. В диссертации сделан системный анализ австрийского общегосударственного и краевого природоохранного законодательства второй половины ХІХ – начала ХХ века. На основании нормативно-правовых актов, научной литературы и архивных материалов показана непосредственная практика охраны и использования природных объектов и их ресурсов в Восточной Галиции в период 1867–1918 гг. Рассмотрено участие Австро-Венгерской империи в международно-правовых соглашениях природоохранного характера. The dissertation is determined to the historical and legal analysis of the environmental legislation of the Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) Empire and its immediate practical application in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, in particular, the Ukrainian lands of Eastern Galicia in the period of their stay in the Austro-Hungary (1867–1918). Eastern Ukrainian land became a place of testing the Austrian legislation. For the first time a systematic analysis of the Austrian legislation of the II-nd half of XIX – early XX century, which regulates environmental activities and requirements for the use of natural objects and their resources has been given. The legal basis for the protection of natural objects was determined by complex regulatory and legal acts: Forest Law of 1852 Mountain Law of 1854, Water Law of 1869, as well as by special laws: Hunting Law of 1849, Fishing Law of 1885. They were adopted during the period under study and were valid till 1918 and further on. An important role in the legal regulation of protection and use of natural objects was assigned to the Austrian marginal (in this case – Galician) environmental legislation. Such aspects of nature protection in Austria have been studied in this work, in particular: the right of property and the right of nature use, management in the field of natural resources use, legal liability. It has been found out that the natural objects of the environment could be either in the right of state, municipal (communal), private property, and in the right of nature use by legal entities and individuals as well. The analysis of the types of legal liability for the environmental offenses has been given. Austrian legislation of the middle XIX – early XX century pro-vided sanctions for unlawful acts related to the particular natural object protected by the legal norm. Legal liability was not based on common criteria – the harm to the environment or the attempt for the ecological law and order in general. On the basis of legal acts, scientific literature and archival materials the activities of national, regional and sectoral management bodies in the sphere of environmental protection have been shown. Their competence has been characterized. It has been proved that environmental institutions constituting relations concerning the protection of the environment as a whole, the protection of individual natural objects and their resources, the protection of life and health of people against dangerous anthropogenic effects and natural phenomena of nature, ownership, use, management in the field of protection and use of natural objects, responsibility for violations of environmental legislation were developing since the mid XIX – early XX centuries and are reflected in Austrian legislation. The concrete historical practice of using natural objects in Eastern Galicia, in particular the operation of forest and land assets, mineral resources, economic use of water resources, rules of hunting and fishing has been studied. The requirements, which were set by the Austrian legislation to the use of water objects and their resources, to the development of mineral resources, deforestation, their protection from fire, to shooting animals, fishing, to the use of lands, to prevention of emissions into the atmosphere the harmful substances, products of combustion, waste results of economic activity and so on have been researched. It has been found out that the environmental legal traditions in Austria-Hungary began to develop from the middle of the nineteenth century. By the end of the XIX century a powerful environmental movement in accordance with the common European standards has been formed in the Empire. It has been proved that Eastern Galicia as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was an active participant of the international and interstate European agreements of environmental nature.