Міграційні процеси в контексті асоціації України та Європейського Союзу

Abstract

Розглянуто сутність, особливості розвитку міжнародного ринку праці, досліджено тенденції світових міграційних процесів. Проаналізовано міграційні процеси в Україні, досліджено сутність та сучасний стан трудової міграції в Україні, зокрема динаміку еміграції та імміграції в умовах євроінтеграційних процесів. Проаналізовано особливості міграції українців, зокрема до країн ЄС, у сучасних економічних і політичних умовах. Вивчено особливості впливу асоціації України та Європейського Союзу на міграційні процеси ти сформовано прогноз щодо динаміки кількості емігрантів до країн Євросоюзу. In the article the essence, specifics of the development of the international labor market and international migration trends are studied. An analysis of migration processes in Ukraine, the essence and the current state of labor migration in Ukraine, the dynamics of emigration and immigration, particularly in terms of European integration processes are provided. The features of Ukrainian migration, especially to the EU, in the current economic and political conditions, are described. The influence of the association of Ukraine and the EU on migration is analyzed and forecasts of dynamics of the number of immigrants to the EU are formed. Today migration covers the vast majority of the world. Intensive movement of labor is going on among states in Europe, North and South America, the African continent, South East and West Asia. Among the most important world centers that define modern trends of international labor migration are the following: North and South American region, Western Region, South East and West Asia, Africa. In the last period around 20 million people have moved from country to country. International labor market – is the sphere of exchange, purchase and sale of labor power, the nature of which is largely determined by the interests of the world economy, forming the conditions of international employment. The variety of conditions of world economy and world community form highly differentiated workforce. The main trends of modern international labor market are the following: − international labor market is shrinking because of the influx of workers from Eastern Europe and the former USSR; − penetration of entry barriers for international labor market has increased; − competition among sellers of labor has intensified; − migrants discrimination continues to exist; − there are active trade unions seeking to defend the interests of the domestic workforce. As for Ukraine, the large cross-border emigration flows have characterized it for years. However, the causes of migration are gradually changing. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the mid-1990s and 2000s ethnic factors mainly determined migration. The main factors that pushed people to migrate were poverty and unemployment. According to recent surveys 1,2–2,0 mln. Ukrainians work abroad. Today Ukraine in the international markets mainly acts as a state – exporter of labor, although there is a tendency to increase the number of foreigners working in Ukraine. Their number is about 10 times less than the number of Ukrainians working abroad. Migration flows are directed mainly to the neighboring countries – Russia (43 %), Poland (14 %), Czech Republic (13 %), and to countries with more attractive conditions – Italy (13 %), Spain (5 %), and Germany (2 %). Assessment of a possible increase in the flow of migration after visa liberalization is an important issue for Ukraine and the EU. On one hand, further “brain drain” and inappropriate use of knowledge and depletion of the workforce are undesirable potential tendencies for Ukraine. On the other hand, the number of Ukrainian highly educated workers in the EU will increase the pressure on their labor markets, which is already high. The problem of employment in Ukraine can not be addressed in isolation from the global processes on the labor market. The entry of Ukraine into the world market could mitigate the impact of unemployment in it, and exchange of human resources between Ukraine and other countries can be an effective way of lifting the country to the level of the most developed countries. However, joining the global labor market needs to overcome a kind of “entry barrier” to make Ukrainian workers competitive in the global labor market. But it will have to form a full labor market within the country itself, which will provide the necessary labor mobility. It should be tailored to suit effects of European integration processes in Ukraine.