Сучасні досягнення геодезичної науки та виробництва. – 2019. – Випуск 2(38)

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Збірник наукових праць Західного геодезичного товариства УТГК

У цьому випуску збірника опубліковано нові результати з розвитку теорії та методів дослідження фігури Землі та зовнішнього гравітаційного поля, а також дослідження у галузі використання GNSS- і GIS-технологій, інженерної геодезії, картографії, фотограмметрії та кадастру. Для викладачів, наукових співробітників, аспірантів геодезичного профілю, працівників геодезичних та картографічних підприємств і відомств.

Сучасні досягнення геодезичної науки та виробництва : збірник наукових праць Західного геодезичного товариства УТГК / Західне геодезичне товариство Українського товариства геодезії і картографії, Національний університет «Львівська політехніка» ; головний редактор І. С. Тревого. – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019. – Випуск 2 (38). – 108 с. : іл.

Сучасні досягнення геодезичної науки та виробництва

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    Investigations to digitizing of the gyro oscillation swing by a line camera
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Хегер, В.; Тревого, І.; Лопатін, Я.; Heger, W.; Trevoho, I.; Lopatin, Y.; Вища школа Нойбранденбурга; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    The purpose of this work is to develop a technology for an automatic measurement process for determining the azimuth by the “Gyromax AK-2M” gyroscope. The accuracy of determining the principal values should be higher than by manual procedure. A method for digitizing the gyro oscillations using a camera with a linear sensor and programming code is proposed in this work. The working possibility of the line camera from Coptonix™ company was investigated, as well as the possibility of its connection to a single board computer Raspberry Pi 3B for data transmission and processing. The possibility of using the Python 3.0 programming language for these tasks was tested. Methodology. To implement this project, an integrated approach was used, using devices such as a camera with a linear sensor, a single board computer and facility, that simulates gyroscope oscillations. This research includes investigations in digitizing of data, computing the azimuth values and automatizing these processes. For automatized data computation were used the same two methods as in the regular manual measurements – Turning point method (TPM) and Pass-Through method (PTM). Results. The result of this work is an automated oscillation measurement system, that can be applied in gyroscopes. The system includes developed software, which connects the user to the linear camera and processing computer, records the necessary data, transfers them to the client-computer and calculates the necessary values. For the convenience of using the program by other users, the program is provided with a graphical user interface. The result of the program is a file with the extension XML, which contains data about measurements. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The new method of digitizing the gyroscope oscillations is proposed in this work. Application of a line camera and a single board computer for the digitization of measurements opens a lot of possibilities for improving the automation processes of the geodetic devices, which could increase the accuracy of measurement and decrease its duration. By developing this method of digitization, it is possible to start production of an improved version of gyro add-on GYROMAX AK-2M.
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    Референцні системи координат колишнього австрійського кадастру та їх використання під час проведення наукових досліджень у карпатському регіоні
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Заєць, І.; Калинин, І.; Савчук, С.; Zajets, M.; Kalynych, I.; Savchuk, S.; Науково-дослідний інститут геодезії і картографії; Ужгородський національний університет; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Research Institute of Geodesy and Cartography; Uzhhorod National University; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    Cadastral maps of the former Austro-Hungary are valuable source material used in scientific research in different countries. The purpose of this paper is to present the possibility of using the data of the former Austrian cadastral maps for analysis of land uses in the Carpathian region by their transformation. Method. The impulse for such studies was the use of GIS technologies and tools and, accordingly, methods based on the analysis of cadastral maps data after their numerical transformation. To convert data from cadastral maps, information is needed on the local reference coordinate system and projection. In the Carpathian region, covered by the Austrian cadastre, fragments of three such reference systems were used: the Lviv system (the initial point is the High Castle in Lviv), the Vienna (the initial point is the St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna) and the Hungarian (the initial point is the Astronomical Observatory in Budapest). Results. The method is proposed and parameters of transformation coordinate reference systems are calculated. Scientific novelty. A methodology is developed that provides the appropriate accuracy of the transformation of the coordinates of the former Austrian reference systems into the modern information space. Practical significance. The results of the conversion and transformation of coordinates can be used to analyze the historical changes in the spatial structure of landscapes and the environment, in the study of rural settlements, the development of landscape gardening, the reconstruction of riverbed changes, and so on.
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    До точності кутових вимірювань цифровими теодолітами
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Тревого, І.; Вовк, А.; Лісняков, С.; Trevoho, I.; Vovk, A.; Lisniakov, S.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    The purpose of this work is to formulate an experiment and study the feasibility of using permutations of the limb when measuring the angles by the method of circular techniques by digital theodolites (ET). Methodology. Measurement of horizontal angles in geodetic networks of condensation and engineering geodesic networks is carried out by the method of circular techniques with the number of directions more than two. It is important that the angles were measured in favorable conditions with calm images of visions or weakly shaken images. To date, many digital theodolites, mostly implemented in electronic metering stations (ETs), various manufacturers of the countries of the world, with different systems of determination of angular variables are issued. For the most part, digital theodolites (ETs) are divided precisely on the precision (with the angle of the angle <1'') and the exact ones (with an angle of angle up to 5''). The accuracy of the measurement depends on the effects of a number of errors, including: instrumental errors, operator errors and environmental errors. The transition from opto-mechanical theodolites to digital does not involve reducing the influence of instrumental errors or their complete elimination; therefore, the question arises of the expediency of measuring the angles from only one limb setting and how much it would be advisable to use limb permutations when measuring angles using circular techniques. With regard to instrumental errors, with the advent of digital theodolites (ET), their impact and the number did not become smaller, and the operator errors somewhat decreased, since the counting is carried out without his participation, automatically. Errors of the environment remain and their impact is difficult to reduce. Measurements of the digital part of the digital theodolite (ET) are automated, and the results are visualized on the display. The operator carries out the centering, installs the device in working condition and carries out the visage. Thus, there is the content to explore the feasibility of using the method of circular techniques when measuring the horizontal angles of digital theodolites (ET). Results. For the experiment, a number of the most common modern digital theodolites (ETs) of different manufacturers and modifications have been selected. Measurement was performed in two programs in six techniques. In total, for the seven digital theodolites (ET) horizontal angle measurements were performed, the analysis and evaluation of the accuracy of the obtained results, their normalization and correlation processing of the research results were performed. Scientific novelty and practical significance. Modern geodetic instruments, in particular digital theodolites (ET), today carry out tasks in many fields of geodesy, construction, economics and defense of countries. The main advantage of the use of modern digital theodolites (ET) is their high accuracy and the fact that they can perform the tasks in automatic or semi-automatic modes with minimal human participation in the control process. However, the results of measurements depend on the effect of errors, and especially on the instrumental ones. Therefore, increasing the accuracy of measuring the horizontal angles by digital theodolites by the method of circular techniques, proved in this study, is relevant.
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    Гравіметричні роботи на території Дністровської ГАЕС
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Паляниця, Б.; Джуман, Б.; Сідоров, І.; Palanytsa, B.; Dzhuman, B.; Sidorov, I.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    The purpose of this work is to perform gravimetric measurements at the points of the existing reference geodetic network on the territory of the Dniester hydro-accumulating power station (DHAPS) to study the magnitude of the correction in the leveling for the non-parallelism of the level surfaces. Method. For performance of gravimetric works on the territory of the DHAPS we used three high-precision gravimeters GNU-KV. Before starting the measurements we conducted a number of studies of these gravimeters: adjusting the optical system, adjusting the device to a minimum of tilt sensitivity, detecting and controlling the sensitivity, determining the timing of the reference, determining the temperature characteristics, benchmarking, calculating the range of measurements and its adjustment, determining the displacement of the zero point and its inclusion. One of the most important studies is the standardization (definition of a constant) of gravimeter. Standardization of gravimeters GNU-KV was carried out at the points of the Kiev narrow-band gravimetric polygon. The distance between them is about 10 km. Between these points, with sufficient accuracy, the value of acceleration in free air 5g is known For correction of leveling 7 gravimetric works were performed that covered 10 points of the well-known geodesic network at the DHAPS. At the reference point, the value of acceleration of free fall g was calculated using the global model of the gravitational field of the Earth EGM2008 to 2190 degree/order. Results. Based on the measured data, the difference between free fall acceleration for each work is calculated respectively. After working out gravimetric data it was established that the correction in leveling for the nonparallel level surfaces varies from 0.089 mm to 1.517 mm. For some lines of the network, the correction for the nonparallelism of level surfaces exceeds the permissible systematic error of leveling the first class twice. Accordingly, when working out the leveling of the first class on such lines it is necessary to take into account this correction. Failure to take into account this correction will result in an increase in the systematic error of leveling in proportion to the length of the leveling process, which will result in false results about the height and displacement of the geodetic points. The scientific novelty and practical significance. For the first time in the territory of the Dniester HAPS gravimetric surveying was carried out to calculate corrections in precision leveling for the non-parallelism of level surfaces. The necessity to carry out such removal on the territory of the DHAPS is grounded in order to reduce the systematic error of leveling.
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    Новий етап міжнародної співпраці геодезистів українського та німецького університетів
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Тревого, І.; Задорожний, В.; Trevoho, I.; Zadorozhnyy, V.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    Розглянуто розвиток програми українсько-німецької міжнародної співпраці між Інститутом геодезії Національного університету “Львівська політехніка” (м. Львів, Україна) та факультетом ландшафтних наук і геоматики Вищої школи Нойбранденбурґ (Hochschule Neubrandenburg/University of Applied Sciences) (м. Нойбранденбурґ, Німеччина) з 2008 р. та Додаткової програми подвійних дипломів між обома університетами з 2014 р.
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    Роль геодезистів у будівництві методом ВІМ
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Коцаб, М.; Вілім, Д.; Лехнер, Ї.; Радей, К.; Дрбал, А.; Kocab, M.; Vilim, D.; Lechner, J.; Radej, K.; Drbal, A.; Науково-дослідний геодезичний, топографічний і картографічний інститут (НДГТКІ), Здіби; GEOLINE, Прага; Scientific-Research Geodetic, Topographic and Cartographical Institute, Zdiby; GEOLINE, Praha
    Новий метод будівництва BIM створює нові можливості для праці геодезистів на будівельних майданчиках. Для виконання геодезичних робіт геодезисти повинні швидко пристосуватися до нових технологій і технічних засобів будівництва, до вимог щодо точності визначення просторових об’єктів, до програмного забезпечення і стандартів, які використовують у методі BIM. Завдання геодезистів полягає у трансформації отриманих просторових даних в інформаційні системи території в SD-зображеннях.
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    XXIV Міжнародна науково-технічна конференція “Геофорум-2019”
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Тревого, І.; Савчук, С.; Четверіков, Б.; Ванчура, О.; Trevoho, I.; Savchuk, S.; Chetverikov, B.; Vanchura, O.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    Розглянуто роботу пленарних і секційних засідань, наукових презентацій, фахової виставки технологій і техніки, стан і перспективи розвитку геодезичних, картографічних і кадастрових робіт за матеріалами Міжнародної науково- технічної конференції “Геофорум-2019”, яка працювала 10-12 квітня 2019 р. у Львові-Брюховичах-Яворові.
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    Участь делегації громадської спілки “Українське товариство геодізії і картографії” у Генеральній асамблеї Європейської асоціації геодезистів CLGE
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Тревого, І.; Четверіков, Б.; Trevoho, I.; Chetverikov, B.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    Подано інформацію про засідання Генеральної асамблеї Європейської асоціації геодезистів (CLGE) в м. Софія (Болгарія), у якому брала участь делегація Громадської спілки “Українське товариство геодезії і картографії”. На Генеральній асамблеї було заслухано доповідь віцепрезидента ГС “УТГК” Б. В. Четверікова стосовно проведення Генеральної асамблеї СЬвЕ у 2021 р. в Україні. Прийнято рішення провести асамблею у м. Львові (попередні дати - 15-17 квітня 2021 року).
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    Автоматизована побудова цифрової моделі мікроповерхні об’єкта за стереопарою цифрових РЕМ-зображень
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Іванчук, О.; Тумська, О.; Ivanchuk, O.; Tumska, O.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    The purpose of this work is to develop and study the method of automated construction of a digital model of the micro relief of an object's surface using a stereo pair of digital SEM images taking into account the specifics of a SEM survey and studying the accuracy of digital modeling of a micro surface of an object, depending on the type of input point generation. Methodology. Research is based on the processing of three types of data models. The test model is derived from the measurement of digital images of SEM stereo pairs. Other models are constructed from the points generated on the left image of the SEM stereo pairs by a regular grid and by a gradient method. The identification of the corresponding points of the stereo pair is performed by a correlation method in stages with the use of search windows of various sizes. To obtain the spatial coordinates of the micro relief points of the object's surface with the accuracy required for the researchers, the values of the geometric distortions inherent in the SEM image are taken into account. In order to eliminate some abnormal values of the heights of a 3D model, an adaptive median filtering procedure is used. The estimation of the accuracy of the values of the heights of the points of the micro relief of the surface of the object is performed by comparison with the test model. Results. The possibility of a stereo pair of digital SEM images in the automated mode is established to reproduce the micro relief of an object's surface with the requirements of both the accuracy of determining the spatial coordinates of the points and the structure of the micro surface of the object. The developed algorithm is implemented in MATLAB. Due to the dense set of points, both models allow to correctly model the small elements of the structure of the micro surface. The number of points in which the difference between the values of the heights of the test and the studied models are within the tolerance 5Z ~ ± 2 mu is 88–89 %. The estimation of the algorithm's time for identifying the corresponding points of the stereo pair using the 2–3-search windows of various sizes is performed. Scientific novelty. The authors developed a method of step-by-step correlation identification using search windows of various sizes is accompanied at all stages by the author's software. Evaluation of the effectiveness of this technique has shown the feasibility of its practical application. Practical significance. The application of this technique allows to automate the process of constructing a digital model of micro relief of the object's surface based on the SEM stereo pairs of digital images. The results of the experiment confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and a significant reduction in the construction time of the digital model of the micro relief compared with the time measurement of points coordinates by the operator in manual mode.
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    Зміст до “Сучасні досягнення геодезичної науки та виробництва”
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28)
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    Наукові підходи до ведення містобудівного моніторингу земель населених пунктів
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Смілка, В.; Smilka, V.; Департамент містобудування та архітектури виконавчого органу Київської міської ради (Київської міської державної адміністрації); Department of Urban Development and Architecture of the Executive Body of the Kyiv City Council (Kyiv City State Administration)
    Purpose of work. Determination of scientific approaches for obtaining knowledge about the plurality of objects of urban monitoring, processes and phenomena in settlements. Method. Urban land monitoring is an information integration sub-system for land and town planning cadastres, which is implemented through the use of common methods and technologies for generating specialized information and ensuring simultaneous access to information resources for sectoral inventories and monitoring. The resulting information obtained during the monitoring is used to update the databases of land and town-planning inventories, to develop land management and urban planning documentation. Methods of urban land monitoring of settlements are based on the use of classical methods of land monitoring and urban monitoring, as well as their combinations, taking into account the requirements for the desired results, which in turn influences the choice of observing or analysis technology. Continuous monitoring is due to the continuous functioning of the city's functioning and development, the dynamics of natural processes that affect the state of the land, buildings, structures and infrastructure of the settlement. Results. The objective component of integrated urban land monitoring is formed from objects of settlements, whose monitoring parameters are determined by such sciences as ecology, land management and urban planning. A substantive component determines the ways of realization of the set tasks and relies on the following sciences: computer science, economics, qualilometry and management theory, which form scientific approaches that form the methodological basis of integrated monitoring. Thus, urban monitoring of land is carried out using geoinformation, quali-metric, target and econometric scientific approaches. Scientific novelty. The systematic approach to the development of urban planning monitoring of settlements is substantiated – a holistic system of complex processing of diverse information at the local level for making managerial decisions. Practical significance. Integration of information resources will avoid duplication of information, solve the problem of the lack of cross-sectoral information when making managerial decisions, and will contribute to saving financial, material and labor resources to support a single monitoring service within the settlement.
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    Методика визначення розливів нафти в Керченській протоці за різночасовими космічними знімками
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Четверіков, Б.; Корнієнко, О.; Сорока, О.; Кілару, В.; Chetverikov, B.; Korniyenko, O.; Soroka, O.; Kilaru, V.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    The aim of the work is to familiarize with the method of satellite monitoring of oil spills on the sea surface, the formation of skills and abilities to detect the presence of changes on time-varying space images for a specific area with the help of DeltaCue module ErdasImagine software package. Method. The technological scheme proposed in the paper involves the use of two independent methods of processing time-varying space images to determine the oil spill area in the Kerch Strait and compare the results. The first technique is to use of defining changes to DeltaCue objects, included in the ErdasImagine software package. This module includes the processing of images before and after the event. When processing data, it is possible to use three filters: spectral segmentation, incorrect recording of pixel pairs images and spatial filtering. The second method used is the uncontrolled classification by the ISODATA algorithm. Firstly, an image of the oil spill was classified, and then after the spill. With an image after the spill it was carried out 6 iterations, while not grouping classes to two: spill and everything else. After that, the results were exported to a vector format that detected the difference in the images at the spill location. The obtained data is comparatively and it is determined that the method using the DeltaCue module showed a better result and is more suitable for this kind of work. Results. As a result of the research, the oil spill area in the Kerch Strait in 2007 was received. Using the DeltaCue module of the ErdasImagine software package, an area of 30,918.4 km2 was obtained. After taking an uncontrolled classification of images, an area of oil spill was obtained at 29717.5 km2. After analyzing the results obtained, it can be concluded that for such studies, it is more efficient to use the DeltaCue module, since in the uncontrolled classification a part of the pixels is recorded incorrectly. Scientific novelty. The methods presented in the studies are well-known, and the scientific novelty lies precisely in their comparison on the example of a man-made disaster. Practical significance. Using these techniques, you can determine the effects of various natural and man-made disasters and determine which one is best suited to one particular case.
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    Justification of the height models available in Latvia
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Целмс, А.; Тревого, І.; Пукіте, В.; Раткевичс, А.; Цинтіна, В.; Celms, A.; Trevoho, I.; Pukite, V.; Ratkevics, A.; Cintina, V.; Латвійський університет природничих та технологій; Національний університет "Львівська політехніка"; Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies; Lviv Polytechnic National University
    After improvement of geodetic networks in the territory of Latvia, situation is arisen that heights of geodetic points have changed. Therefore authors study in the research, what regularities form between the Baltic normal height system of year 1977 (BHS-77) and Latvian Normal Height System LHS-2000,5 height systems in the given points, as well as what inaccuracies can be observed, if ADTI map sheets are transformed by use of the determined methodology of recalculation of heights. Aim of the work is to research and analyse measurement data available in reports of improvement of local geodetic network of Ventspils, Jelgava, and Kuldga and to compare values of heights of geodetic points with historical values of heights, as well as to give valuation about alignment of height systems. For the achievement of the aim following tasks are set: to analyse measurements available in the reports of local geodetic networks; to evaluate height differences between points in BHS-77 and LHS-2000,5 height systems; to give proposals in relation to compatibility of BHS-77 un LHS-2000,5 height systems. After valuation of data, we can draw conclusion that mutual compatibility of quasigeoid models LV’98 and LV’14 in all areas of measurement is regarded as appropriate. The historical heights of points of the local geodetic networks in comparison to improved levelled heights of BAS-77 are regarded as rather appropriate in local geodetic networks of Jelgava and Kuldga; however, in local geodetic network of Ventspils, they are regarded as inappropriate.
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    Аналіз сучасного стану ДГМ України
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019-02-28) Тревого, І.; Ільків, Є.; Галярник, М.; Trevoho, I.; Ilkiv, Ye.; Haliarnyk, M.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу; Lviv Polytechnic National University; Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
    Purpose is to carry out an analysis of the survey results of State Geodetic Network (SGN) points on the territory of Ukraine performed by the territorial divisions of the State Service for Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre of Ukraine. Conduct a study to determine the impact of population density and forestry in the region on the number of lost points. Perform analysis of losses of geodetic points during the period of independence of our state. Pay attention to the lack of scientific and economic substantiation of the allowable number of points losses, as well as the availability of points that are unavailable and increase their number in the future. Consider the measures for the use of inaccessible points, which is due to an increase in the importance of private ownership of land in the community. Develop proposals for the correct interpretation of the protection zone around the points by introducing into the practice of field topographic and geodetic works of various types and types of easements. Method. The methods of mathematical statistics, mathematical methods of recording and ranking, methods of system analysis and quantitative methods of “operations research” are used to process the results of the SGN points examination. Results. On the territory of Ukraine during 2017–2018 a full-scale survey of the geodesic (planned) network points status of 1, 2 and 3 classes was carried out in order to check their condition on the ground. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The performed analysis allows to assess the changes in the status of the SGN, to estimate the loss of geodetic points in the regions and in the classes of networks over the past decades, to identify new trends in the status of the geodetic network, which will give grounds for the generalization of conclusions by the department of state geodetic supervision of the topographic, geodetic and cartographic activity of the State Service for Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre of Ukraine apparatus. Practical worth of the work is to solve the problem of ensuring the functioning, development, modernization, reconstruction of the state geodetic network during the implementation of the State target scientific and technical program for the development of topographic and geodetic activity and national mapping.
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