Вимірювальна техніка та метрологія. – 2016. – Випуск 77

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/39773

Міжвідомчий науково-технічний збірник

Вимірювальна техніка та метрологія : міжвідомчий науково-технічний збірник / Міністерство освіти і науки України ; відповідальний редактор Б. І. Стадник. – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016. – Випуск 77. – 198 c. : іл.

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    Основи квантової термометрії
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Стадник, Богдан; Яцишин, Святослав; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Доведено існування кванта температури, зумовленого дисипацією одного електрона на фононах за одиницю часу, та теоретично визначено його значення через фундаментальні фізичні сталі з установленою непевністю, залежною від непевностей методів визначення цих сталих. Показано можливість створення сучасного еталона температури на базі фундаментальних фізичних сталих із залученням еталона електричного опору на базі інверсного значення кванта електропровідності та еталона напруги на базі масиву переходів Джозефсона. Доказано существование кванта температуры, обусловленного диссипацией одного электрона на фононах в единицу времени, теоретически определено его значение через фундаментальные физические постоянные с установленным значением неопределенности, зависящей от неопределенности методов определения этих постоянных. Показано возможность создания современного эталона температуры на базе фундаментальных физических постоянных с привлечением эталона электрического сопротивления на основании инверсного значения кванта электропроводности и эталона напряжения на основании массива переходов Джозефсона. At this moment the Temperature Unit remains the last, among 7 major units of SI, value that is not regulated at the atomic level. Such state of affairs cannot be deemed adequate for the advanced technology. After implementation of current CODATA “Temperature” redefinition, the next step in provision of scientific support for realizing the Temperature Measurement of new generation seems to be a creation of Quantum Standard on the basis of the fundamental physical constants. The Boltzmann constant consideration related only to the energy of electrons scattering in process of collision with atoms may be incomplete and therefore not quite correct. While ignoring the process of acquiring energy by electrons to which may be involved in another fundamental physical constant such as Planck constant, the obtained model would be not quite perfect. These both sides of process combine a balanced approach to the problem of temperature arising as the heat manifestation (in the case of transmission of electric current through the substance) of the conduction electrons interacting with atoms. Therefore, occurrence of the Planck constant in proposed by us the Quantum Unit of Temperature becomes reasonable. It is proved the existence of Quantum Unit of Temperature caused by single electron-phonon dissipation per second and determined its value with the uncertainty defined by the set of different physical methods. The possibility of researching the most contemporary measure of temperature on the basis of fundamental physical constants with involvement of the Standard of Electrical Resistance on the basis of Inverse of Conductance Quantum as well as the Standard of Voltage based on the Josephson junctions array is considered. For this purpose are involved the Standard of electrical resistance on the basis of Inverse of Conductance Quantum as well as the Standard of voltage based on the Josephson junctions that can produce voltage pulses with time-integrated areas perfectly quantized in integer values of h/2e. As mentioned resistance we propose to study FET construction, namely the CNTFET with built-in CNT which has to be superconductive. Source and drain have to be manufactured from two dissimilar conductive metals (for example constantan and copper) that constitute the T-type thermocouple via CNT quasi-junction. The last is inherent in resistance Kl 2R he= which is equal to 25812.807 557 ± 0.0040 Ώ, due to transient resistance of contacts. While studying the dissipation of electric power on such an electric resistance in temperature measurement area, it becomes able the estimation of temperature jump conjugated with I Net= which is formed per unit time t by N conduction electrons of each charge e that transfer energy 32 kT to atoms of matter. Resulting value of temperature jump is deduced, and it is reduced later to single electron-phonon dissipation per second. Received value is identified as Reduced Quantum Unit of Temperature: 1 . [ ]12 1 .3 . t sN BT h K sk s D ®®D = é ù × êë úû. On condition of power supply from Johnston junctions array, it appears an opportunity to pass a discrete, clearly appointed number of electrons through Standard’s CNT. The studied temperature jump is easiest to measure with minimal methodical error with help of built-in high-mentioned thermocouple. It is determined by electric energy dissipated on CNTFET contacts at passing a current, via ratio of h and kB and is equal to 3.199 493 42 ∙ 10-11 K with relative standard uncertainty 59.2∙10-8 (defined by well-known values h and kB of NIST tables). It can be extremely helpful at Quantum Temperature Measurement Standard design.
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    Нейронні мережі як засіб прогнозування значення температури за перехідним процесом
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Лопатко, Ольга; Микитин, Ігор; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Проаналізовано нейронні мережі як засіб прогнозування значення температури за перехідним процесом. Розглянуто штучний нейрон як основу нейронної мережі. Наведено класифікацію нейронів залежно від функцій, які вони виконують в нейронній мережі, та основні види передавальних функцій нейрона. Подано класифікацію нейронних мереж за критерієм їх архітектури, алгоритму навчання та типу завдань, які вони можуть виконувати. Зроблено висновок, що для розв’язання поставленої задачі оптимальним є застосування нейронної мережі з архітектурою прямого поширення з алгоритмом навчання з вчителем. Проанализированы нейронные сети как средства прогнозирования значения температуры за переходным процессом. Рассмотрен искусственный нейрон как основа нейронной сети. Приводится классификация нейронов в зависимости от функций, которые они выполняют в нейронной сети, и основные виды передаточных функций нейрона. Представлена классификация нейронных сетей по критерию их архитектуры, алгоритма обучения и типа задач, которые они могут выполнять. Сделан вывод, что для решения поставленной задачи оптимальным является применение нейронной сети с архитектурой прямого распространения с алгоритмом обучения с учителем. The present article considers neural networks as a tool for the temperature prediction using transition process. The authors emphasize the need to measure high temperatures in technological processes and indicate problems encountered on this way. The method proposed to solve this problem is neural networks application. The study of artificial neural networks is motivated by their similarity to successfully working biological systems, which – in comparison to the overall system – consist of very simple but numerous nerve cells that work massively in parallel and (which is probably one of the most significant aspects) have the capability to learn. There is no need to explicitly program a neural network. One result from this learning procedure is the capability of neural networks to generalize and associate data: after successful training a neural network can find reasonable solutions for similar problems of the same class that were not explicitly trained. This in turn results in a high degree of fault tolerance against noisy input data. At the very beginning the authors describe artificial neuron as a basis of a neural network and provide its block diagram. Neurons classification depending on the functions they perform in the neural network is also present. They also defined the transfer function of the artificial neuron and its basic types (linear transfer function, positive linear transfer function, piecewise linear transfer function, step transfer function and logistic transfer function) alongside with mathematical expressions (formulas) and diagrams that describe neural networks behavior. Then, the authors present a neural networks classification based on their architecture (feedforward neural networks, recurrent neural networks and completely linked neural networks were specially highlighted). Each type of these was provided with detailed drawings and structures explanation. In addition, the present article includes a neural network classification, based on training algorithm and the type of problem that such neural network is able to perform. At the end of the article the authors make conclusions about the most relevant neural network architecture in case of temperature prediction problem using transition process and consider the corresponding learning algorithm. Plans for further research were also outlined.
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    Ітеративна модель управління ризиками приготування небезпечної продукції ресторанного господарства
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Сусол, Наталія; Микийчук, Микола; Львівський інститут економіки і туризму, кафедра харчових технологій та ресторанної справи; Національний університет "Львівська політехніка"
    Розроблено модель управління ризиками небезпечності продукції на стадії виготовлення, що є уніфікованим підходом послідовно інтегрованих ітерацій з комплексом заходів: ідентифікації, оцінювання, моніторингу та контролю ризиків, які ґрунтуються на взаємозв’язку принципів і завдань теорії управління ризиками. Запропонована модель управління є системним підходом постійного визначення ризиків в умовах щоденної виробничої практики підприємств галузі, що є комплексним з набором процедур контролю та моніторингу ризиків. За аналітичним оглядом науково обґрунтованих фактів, доведених результатів лабораторного дослідження, на підставіаналізу їх джерел, можливого впливу на здоров’я та життя споживачів, причин та потенційних наслідків визначено види ризиків небезпечності продукції: ризик харчової токсикоінфекції, ризик токсичного отруєння та ризик невідповідності технічним вимогам. Разработана модель управления рисками опасности продукции на стадии изготовления, является унифицированным подходом последовательно интегрированных итераций с комплексом мероприятий: идентификации, оценки, мониторинга и контроля рисков, основанных на взаимосвязи принципов и задач теории управления рисками. Предложенная модель управления является системным подходом постоянного определения рисков в условиях ежедневной производственной практики предприятий отрасли, имеет комплексный характер с набором мер контроля и мониторинга рисков. Согласно аналитическому обзору научно обоснованных фактов, доказанных результатов лабораторного исследования, исходя из анализа их источников, возможного влияния на здоровье ижизнь потребителей, причин и потенциальных последствий определены виды рисков опасности продукции: риск пищевой токсикоинфекции, риск токсического отравления и риск несоответствия техническим требованиям. The model of hazard risk management of products at the manufacturing stage is designed, which is a unified approach of the consistently integrated iterations with a set of measures of identification, assessment, monitoring and risk control based on the correlation of the principles and objectives of risk management. The offered model of management is a systematic approach to identify the risks in terms of daily production practices of the industry enterprises that have comprehensive nature with the set of controls and risks monitoring. By the analytical review of scientifically based facts proven results of laboratory research, based on the analysis of their sources, possible effect on health and lives of consumers, causes and potential consequences, the types of hazard risk of products are defined: the risk of food poisoning, the risk of toxic poisoning and the risk of the technical requirements inconsistency. The branch specificity of the manufacturing a dangerous product risks is defined which is expressed in multi-spectrality multiplacativity of the threats that complicate risk hazards complementing each other. The effect of multiplacativity of risks as a result of each other complementation or various risks blending, their dispersion in time and space, can significantly complicate the effects of risks. The research results underline that the responsibility for risk emergence during manufacture and sale of dangerous products is up to the producers. The risk of dangerous sources and factors is different. However, the most frequent causes of increased risks of manufacturing dangerous products are as follows: the violation of cooking technology and culinary products (ways and processing methods, thermal regimes, etc.) improper manufacturing and hygiene practices; cross-contamination due to violation of production facilities; violation of production sales requirements. The most typical risks of dangerous products manufacturing in the enterprises of restaurant business are considered, depending on the origin, and are grouped into three main groups of risks: · resource (poor quality of raw materials, inadequate storage conditions of goods in stock); · production, technical and technological (manufacturing and hygienic practices (Good Manufacturing Practice – GMP, Good hygiene practice – GHP), appropriate methods of technological processing of raw materials in cooking); · improper maintenance and sale of finished products. Defining the indicators of danger of the restaurant industry products was made by major types of raw materials, by the mass fraction, by the acceptable levels of normalized indicators. The hazard of products of the restaurant industry by the level of the hazard severity can be described by the following risks: § the risk of food poisoning (caused by microbes, viruses or protozoa or their metabolic products); § the risk of toxic poisoning (after chemical toxins, heavy metals, toxins, pesticides, nitrates, nitrites, food additives get into the body through food, the use of herbs, plants or inedible mushrooms); § the risk of the technical requirements inconsistency (discrepancy of energy value, organoleptic characteristics, conditions and methods of sales, etc.). Designed iterative model of risk management involves continuous determination of possible risks covering all stages of production and sales which allows minimizing or preventing the emergence of danger.
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    Класифікація ризиків комунікацій під час надання освітніх послуг
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Бойко, Тарас; Сищук, Ольга; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Проаналізовано суть терміна “ризик” та суміжних понять, запропоновано їх однозначне трактування. Розроблено класифікацію ризиків, які можуть супроводжувати навчальний процес на всіх його етапах. Встановлено основні причини виникнення ризиків. Охарактеризовано небажані чинники, втрати і властиві їм ризики, а також можливий спосіб оцінювання ризиків комунікації під час надання освітніх послуг. Проанализировано суть термина “риск” и смежных понятий, предложено их однозначную трактовку. Разработана классификация рисков, которые могут сопровождать учебный процесс на всех его этапах. Установлены основные причины возникновения рисков. Представлена характеристика нежелательных факторов, потерь и присущих им рисков, а также возможный способ оценки рисков коммуникации во время оказания образовательных услуг. To minimize the effect of unwanted factors and losses in the provision of educational services are important because they directly affect the level of training and their ability to carry out professional activities. Therefore, the investigation, analysis and classification of the losses and the risks involved in the learning process is an urgent task. In General, the risk is the estimated loss as a result of adverse factors that can accompany any production process and its participants, in particular the process of providing educational services. The value of the loss of information is characterized by uncertainty. And the possibility of loss of information associated with the reason, place, time and conditions of its occurrence, characterizing uncertainty. The General notion of risk is using to determine the size of the information uncertainty together with the uncertainty of its occurrence. Here risk communication is to evaluate the result of the negative impact of the loss of information caused by an undesirable factor, to achieve the purpose of communication. Evaluating loss of information possible to create the conditions for the effective management. Managing risk losses and to improve the quality of educational services. As a result of observation of the process of exchange of information was revealed six groups of undesirable factors, induced respectively by the two types of problem situations that can accompany the process of communication. We will distinguish between two kinds of problem situations, the first of which concerns the participants in the exchange of information, and the second concerns the process of information exchange between them. Overall, the above problem situations lead to a theoretically unlimited number of undesirable factors. However, in the process of researches it is established that the list of losses that are the result of adverse effects of unwanted factors is limited, and therefore is limited and the amount of risk communications. The results of the analysis of all possible communications were summarized only five of the typical losses and their risks: the risk of transportation; the risk of apperception; didactic risk; the risk of misinformation and the risk assessment. Describe more undesirable factors and the risks generated by them. 1. Undesirable factors associated with the essence of information arise due to the fact that the received listener information is essentially one that does not contain training material or the material is inaccessible to perception; entail these risks: the risk of apperception, teaching risk, the risk of misinformation. 2. Undesirable factors associated with the personality and the professional level of teacher, which is the information provider, in particular with the state of his mental and physical health, individual traits, temperament, oratory skills, professional skills, qualifications, knowledge, teaching skills and teaching abilities, as well as the motivation of these abilities to use in the process of delivering information to the listener; entail these risks administrative risk; risk of misinformation; risk assessment. 3 Undesirable factors associated with the personality of the listener who is a consumer (receiver) information, in particular, individual traits of character as psychological and physical health, motivation, training skills, advanced training; entail these risks: the risk of apperception; risk of misinformation; risk assessment. 4 Undesirable factors associated with language, which is the main communication tool and information display. As to convey to the listener information, it is crucial that there is a need to allocate a separate group unwanted factors that can arise through language barriers or barriers of the culture of speech; entail these risks administrative risk; risk of misinformation; risk assessment. 5 Undesirable factors associated with non-verbal media, which are not the main means of communication, but significantly affect the communication process. Also in this group are undesirable factors, which can occur because of related actions, deeds or circumstances accompanying the communication parties; entail these risks: the risk of apperception; didactic risk; risk evaluation.6 Undesirable factors associated with the means of delivering information from the "source" to "receiver", which are objective. Basically there is a question of the technical means by which information make it easier to understand, illustrated visually or by voice; entail such risks: the risk of transportation; the risk of misinformation. All except the last listed of the impact of undesirable factors lead to losses of educational information. The latest factor – for qualifying losses that may occur in the appraisal process level of the student. As any process of providing educational services contain a certification component, and an incorrect assessment of the level of assimilation of information by the listener makes impossible its logical conclusion, such loss must also be taken into account.
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    Застосування елементів теорії кінцевих автоматів для досліджень динамічних властивостей обчислювальних компонентів вимірювальних систем
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Кричевець, Олександр; Державне підприємство “Науково-дослідний інститут метрології вимірювальних та управляючих систем”
    Розглянуто динамічні властивості обчислювальних компонентів вимірювальних систем на базі теорії елементарних кінцевих автоматів. Показано, що динамічні властивості обчислювальних компонентів у представленні елементарного автомата Мілі виникають переважно внаслідок змін вхідних сигналів x (t). Для обчислювальних компонентів у представленні елементарного автомата Мура динамічні властивості залежать від метрологічного стану компонентів. Подано результати розрахунків динамічних характеристик обчислювальних компонентів, які використовують типові обчислювальні алгоритми. Рассмотрены динамические свойства вычислительных компонентов измерительных систем на базе теории элементарных конечных автоматов. Показано, что динамические свойства вычислительных компонентов в представлении элементарного автомата Мили возникают преимущественно в результате изменений входных сигналов x (t). Для вычислительных компонентов в представлении элементарного автомата Мура динамические свойства зависят от метрологического состояния компонентов. Представлены результаты расчетов динамических характеристик вычислительных компонентов, которые используют типовые вычислительные алгоритмы. The results of research dynamic properties of computing components of measuring systems is considered. It is shown that the dynamic properties of computing components in the presentation Mealy machine arising due to the dynamic changes in input signals x (t). For the computing components to present Moore dynamic properties are determined mainly dynamic changes of metrological conditions computing components. A distinctive feature of Mealy machines is that their output signals depend on the state of the machine, and the value of the input signal. In Moore machine outputs y (t) at each discrete time t is uniquely determined by the state machine at the same time and do not depend on the input signаl. Hence, if the input mealy machine that keeps the same state will change the input of its value and in time, the output signal will change according to the algorithm of the machine. In the Moore machine this happens, change the output signal is possible only after the change in status. Therefore, when you receive repeated the same input signal at the outputs Moore machine can form various signals. In Moore machines forming the output signal takes time, and is usually divided into cycles. In each cycle, depending on the input signal and state machine output signal is formed and a new state. Thus, we can say that the output signal Moore automaton depends on the sequence of inputs. This causes the output depending on the time of admission to the input signal machine. Hence, one should note the existence of dynamic properties of the machine during operation. So the dynamic properties of computing component in the presentation Mealy machine arising due to the dynamic changes in the time of the input signals x (t). For the computing component to present Moore machine dynamic properties are determined mainly dynamic changes of metrological conditions of computing component. Then the dynamic properties of computing component in the presentation Mealy machine determined dynamic characteristic – the dependence of error of the results of numerical measurement conversion on the values of the error signal input at the time, and for the computing component to present Moore machine – dependent error numerical measuring conversion of options approach, which, in fact, responsible for change computing component metrological conditions at the time. The first type conversion is typical in the implementation of computational algorithms for the calculation formula, and the other type – in the implementation of computational algorithms for approximate calculation. A computational experiments with different types of computer algorithms are presented. For the first type conversion formula used for linear dependencies. For the second – iterative procedures and numerical integration.
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    Оптимізований метод вимірювання позитронних анігіляційних спектрів у наноматеріалах з розвиненою поруватістю для сенсорних застосувань
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Клим, Галина; Костів, Юрій; Чалий, Дмитро; Івануса, Андрій; Ткачук, Тарас; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Львівський державний університет безпеки життєдіяльності
    Запропоновано та використано оптимізований за апаратною складністю метод вимірювання позитронних анігіляційних спектрів для дослідження вологочутливої кераміки MgО-Al2O3 з розвиненою нанопоруватістю. Показано, що в разі розкладу спектрів на чотири компоненти вдається оцінити розміри нанопор за моделлю Тао-Ельдрупа та вивчити процеси, які відбуваються в них. Встановлено, що частка нанопор радіусом ~1,5 нм на порядок перевищує частку пор з радіусом ~ 0,3 нм, в яких також відбувається анігіляція ортопозитронію у адсорбованій воді. Предложен и использован оптимизированный за аппаратной сложностью метод измерения позитронных аннигиляционных спектров для исследования влагочувствительной керамики MgО-Al2O3 с развитой нанопористостью. Показано, что при разложении спектров на четыре компоненты удается оценить размеры нанопор по модели Тао-Ельдрупа и изучить процессы, происходящие в них. Установлено, что доля нанопор радиусом ~ 1,5 нм на порядок превышает долю пор с радиусом ~ 0,3 нм, в которых также происходит аннигиляция ортопозитрония в адсорбированной влаге. An optimized by hardware complexity method for measuring of positron annihilation lifetime spectra was proposed and used to investigation of humidity-sensitive MgO-Al2O3 ceramics with advanced nanoporosity. Positron-positronium annihilation spectrum were analyzed using four-component fitting procedures. It is shown that this technique can be used to investigation of nanopores transformation in humidity-sensitive MgO-Al2O3 ceramics as porosimetry method. It is shown that Tao-Eldrup model can be used for study of size of nanopores smaller then 1,5 nm. It has been shown that for MgO-Al2O3 ceramics two positron annihilation channels should be considered – the positron trapping with shortest t1 and middle t2 lifetimes and ortho-positronium decaying with the longest t3 and t4 lifetimes, these channels being independent ones. Assuming the two-state positron trapping model for spinel ceramics, four components in the fit of the experimental spectra can be associated with the microstructure peculiarities of the spinel. This microstructure exhibits characteristic octahedral and tetrahedral cation vacancies (t1, I1), positron trapping extended defects located near grain boundaries and positron traps in the free-volume entities (t2, I2). Ortho-positronium decay in nanopores of ceramics is described by t3, I3 and t4, I4. Within the formalism of this model, the open volume entities free of the electron density are treated as defects, while hypothetical structure without these entities is treated as the defect-free bulk. It is established that the third component of lifetime spectra gives information about ortho-positronium decaying in nanopores with water and fourth component reflects ortho-positronium trapping in free-water volume of nanopores. It is established that in inner structure ceramic materials there are two types of nanopores. The intensity of the third component of the spectrum increases in water-filled samples, while the intensity of four components – decreases. The most significant changes caused by water adsorption processes are observed in largest nanopores with radius of ~1,7 nm. Reducing the value of the lifetime t4 after drying of ceramics can be due to the formation of thin layers of water molecules surrounding the large pores. The lifetime t3 decreases after water vapor of ceramics with a gradual increase in drying and intensity I3 grows, indicating annihilation of ortho-positronium in water-filled nanopores. The presence of water in the nanopores of smaller radius of ~0.3 nm after drying reflects increasing of intensity I3 and a slight decreasing of lifetime t3. It is noted that ortho-positronium lifetime ~1,7 ns reflects the annihilation in the water “bubbles” with radius of ~0.3 nm.
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    Метод вимірювання електричних параметрів великогабаритних антенних систем
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Паламар, Михайло; Поіхало, Анатолій; Стрембіцький, Михайло; Кругльов, Володимир; Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. І. Пулюя; Національний центр управління і випробування космічних засобів
    Запропоновано метод і розроблено методику вимірювання та оцінювання електричних параметрів великогабаритних антенних систем для надвисоких частотних діапазонів, що не були передбачені для використання на таких антенах під час їх проектування. На основі запропонованої методики проведено експериментальні дослідження і наведено результати вимірювання та метрологічної оцінки радіотехнічних параметрів двох великогабаритних антенних систем з діаметрами рефлекторів 12 м для частотних діапазонів Ка і Кu. Проаналізовано можливість використання таких антенних систем для створення сучасних систем космічного зв’язку. Предложен метод и разработана методика измерения и оценки электрических параметров крупногабаритных антенных систем для сверхвысоких частотных диапазонов, которые не были предусмотрены для использования в таких антеннах при их проектировании. На основе предложенной методики проведены экспериментальные исследования и приведены результаты измерения и метрологической оценки радиотехнических параметров двух крупногабаритных антенных систем с диаметрами рефлекторов 12 м для частотных диапазонов Ка и Кu. Проанализирована возможность использования таких антенных систем для создания современных систем космической связи. Ключевые слова: антенная система, диаграмма направленности, космическая связь, система управления, погрешность наведения, эффективная площадь раскрыва поверхности антенны. The method of measurement and evaluation of electrical parameters a larg antenna systems for ultra-high frequency bands is developed, that were not provided for the use of such antennas by their design. For ensure the necessary radio parameters in professional antenna systems (AS) use parabolic antenna reflectors with large diameters of 5 to 12 meters or more. The creation of such antennas require large expenditures for their production and metrological support by parameters setting. In addition many antenna systems of military-industrial complex (MIC) which used in the frequency bands up to 4 GHz require modernization during the transition to higher frequencies and metrological evaluation their electrical parameters at the facility. The measurement of parameters of radio reflector AS large-diameter is impossible to implement by ground methods at a sufficiently high angles to avoid the influence of topography on Earth passing radio-waves. The measurement by radio astronomy method with using aircrafts with known parameters of source signal requires large expenditures and complex preparatory work. Therefore we need other complex methods. The essence of the proposed method is to conduct multi-parameter measurement electrical parameters AC by radio astronomy method with using an unknown source signals from satellites and use the auxiliary test antenna relatively small diameter (Ø 2,4 m). First measured the electrical parameters of the auxiliary antenna, namely the width direction of the diagram, the gain coefficient, coefficient of using the surface. Then measured the same parameters of auxiliary test antenna by radio astronomy method with using an unknown source signals from satellites and finding corrective coefficients. The next step is the measurement by radio astronomy method the antenna which studied with large diameter of reflector with using the source signal from the same satellites and then recalculate parameters with using corrective coefficients. Based on the proposed method is provided the experimental studies and the results of measurement and metrological evaluation of radio parameters of two large antenna systems with diameters of reflectors 12 meters for frequency bands Ku (11,7–12,5 GHz) and Ka (17,3–18,1 GHz ). The possibility of using such antenna systems for create a modern space communications systems is analyzed, especially for establishment of ground control station Ukrainian satellite “Lybid”. Creation of satellite stations through the use of effective technological measures, including AS TNA-57 by their upgrading would considerably reduce the cost of establishing such stations.
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    Дослідження термометричного матеріалу HF1-хErxNiSn
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Крайовський, Володимир; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Досліджено енергетичні, кінетичні та магнітні характеристики термометричного матеріалу Hf1-xErxNiSn у діапазонах T = 80÷400 K, x=0÷0.10 за напруженості магнітного поля H £10 кГс. Показано, що характеристики Hf1-xErxNiSn чутливі до зміни температури і він може бути основою для виготовлення чутливих елементів термоперетворювачів. Исследованы энергетические, кинетические и магнитные характеристики термометрического материала Hf1-xErxNiSn в диапазонах: T = 80÷400 K, x=0÷0.10 при напряженности магнитного поля H £ 10 кГс. Показано, что характеристики Hf1-xErxNiSn чувствительны к изменениям температуры и он может быть основой для изготовления чувствительных элементов термопреобразователей. The electron energy state, magnetic and transport characteristics of of thermometric materials Hf1-xErxNiSn were investigated in the T = 80÷400 K temperature range and at charge carriers concentration from x=01÷0.10 and H £ 10 kGs. The material Hf1-xErxNiSn is sensitive to the temperature change and could be used as the basis for the sensitive thermoelectric devices. We investigated the crystal structure, electron density of states (DOS) and the kinetic and energy characteristics of n-HfNiSn heavily doped with the Er impurity. Samples were synthesized at the laboratory of the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Vienna University. The Hf1-xErxNiSn crystal-lattice periods were determined by X-ray analysis with the use of the Full-prof software. We employed a data array obtained by the powder method using a Guinier-Huber image plate system. The chemical and phase compositions of the samples were determined using a Ziess Supra 55VP scanning electron microscope and an EMPA energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. The electronic structure was calculated by the Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (KKR) technique in the coherent potential approximation (CPA) and local density approximation (LDA), as well as the full-potential linearized plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within density functional theory (DFT). In the calculations, we used experimental values of the lattice constant on a k grid 10×10×10 in size and the Moruzzi–Janak–Williams exchange-correlation potential parametrization. The width of the contoured energy window was 16 eV. The number of energy values for DOS calculations was 1000. To predict the behavior of the Fermi level, band gap, and electrokinetic characteristics of n-HfNiSn doped with Eratoms, the electron density distribution (DOS) was calculated. The calculated results pretending to be adequate to experimental studies should account for complete information on the semiconductor’s crystalline structure. To obtain more accurate results, we calculated the DOS for almost all possible cases of the mutual substitution of atoms at sites of the HfNiSn unit cell. Shows the result most consistent with experimental data. It was found that the disordered structure (Hf1-xNix)NiSn, x = 0.01, of the HfNiSn compound is most probable. We note that the same result was obtained from structural studies of HfNiSn. The partial (to 1 at %) substitution of Hf atoms with Ni atoms generates donor-type structural defects in the crystal, and the Fermi level is in the band gap which becomes narrower. It was also found that the minimum in the dependence of variations in the DOS at the Fermi level (DOSF(x)) for the disordered structure (Hf1-xNix)NiSn of the HfNiSn compound corresponds to the (Hf0.99Ni0.01)NiSn composition. In this semiconductor model, the Fermi level is in the band gap which is εg ≈ 282 meV. The same question arises when analyzing the behavior of the dependences (x) and (x) in Hf1-xErxNiSn. For example, the (x) variation in the concentration range 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 shows that the modulation amplitude of the continuous energy bands of Hf1-xErxNiSn HDCSs increases. Indeed, the activation energies (x) increase from (x = 0.05) = 38.3 meV to (x) (x = 0.07) = 59.2 meV. As we already noted, such behavior is possible only when compensating electrons appear in the p-type semiconductor due to the ionization of donors whose appearance was not initially assumed. In Hf1-xErxNiSn samples, x > 0.05, the decrease in (x) indicates a decrease in the modulation amplitude of the continuous energy bands, which is possible only when the degree of compensation of Hf1-xErxNiSn decreases due to a decrease or termination of the generation of donor-type structural defects. Thus, the initial assumption that n-ZrNiSn doping with Er atoms by substituting Hf atoms is accompanied by the generation of only donor-type structural defects in the crystal does not allow consistent explanation of the behavior of the energy characteristics of Hf1-xErxNiSn HDCS. The variations in the activation energy of hopping conduction (x) and the modulation amplitude of the continuous energy bands (x) unambiguously prove the existence of a donor source in Hf1-xErxNiSn. Further, we will identify the possible mechanism for the appearance of donors. The series of studies on the crystalline structure, energy spectrum, and electro-kinetic parameters of the n-HfNiSn intermetallic semiconductor heavily doped with the Er impurity allowed determination of the variation in the degree of compensation of the semiconductor due to the generation of both structural defects of donor nature during the substitution of Hf atoms with Er atoms and defects of donor nature during the partial substitution of Ni sites with Snatoms. The n-HfNiSn crystalline structure is disordered, and the Hf site can be occupied by Ni to ~1 at %, which generates structural defects of donor nature in the semiconductor and explains the mechanism of its “a priori doping with donors”. The mechanism of the degree of compensation of the semiconductor as the result of the crystal structure transformation during doping, leading to the generation of structural defects of donor nature was established. The results of the electronic structure calculation are in agreement with experimental data and the Hf1-xErxNiSn semiconductor is a promising thermoelectric material. The results are discussed in the framework of the heavily doped and compensated semiconductor model by Shklovsky–Efros.
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    Антропогенна трансформація властивостей екотонів захисного типу на шляхах залізничного транспорту
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Обшта, Анатолій; Сорока, Ірина; Руда, Марія; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Національний лісотехнічний університет України
    Подано результати досліджень щодо формування екотонів захисного типу та створення інформаційно-аналітичної системи підтримки управлінських рішень для забезпечення рівня їх функціонування, який відповідає міжнародним стандартам, що регламентують сучасні вимоги до систем захисту довкілля. Представлены результаты исследований по формированию экотонов защитного типа и созданию информационно-аналитической системы поддержки управленческих решений для обеспечения уровня их функционирования, который соответствует международным стандартам, регламентирующим современные требования к системам защиты окружающей среды. The influence of rail transport on the environment creates many problems as it includes violation of the stability of natural landscapes transport infrastructure through the development of erosion and landslides; air pollution by exhaust gases; permanent increase in oil pollution of earth, lead, blowing products and shedding of bulk cargo (coal, ore, cement). Along with the benefits offered by the railway transport, there arise accute lssues of environmental safety during its use, which is caused by its negative and even destructive impacts on the environment. Sanitation methods provide for mandatory monitoring of the environment. The object of study is the quality of protective ecotones of the Lviv Railway. The forest shelterbelts, investigated in the railway sections Lviv – Sambir, Lviv – Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv – Rava-Ruska, Lviv – Kovel, Lviv – Krasne, Lviv – Mostyska, Lviv – Stryi, Stryi – Mukachevo, and Ivano-Frankivsk – Chernivtsi, are mainly double-row ones (except natural forests growing along the railway lines) of 200 m in width on both sides of the track. The species composition of the stands is characterized by its diversity depending on forest site type. The trees are often top-drying, from the side of the railway tracks they have windfirm and dense crowns. The undergrowth is suppressed by snow drifts. The protective ecotones are characterized by the distribution of precipitation, soil moisture, and productivity of the adjacent agricultural lands. As a result, a kind of parademe system is formed along the Lviv Railway lines,consortium, that significantly differs from natural one due to overlapping ecological niches. This consortium has much in common with conserved (ecological) corridors because the integrated assessement shows increasing species diversity of agrosystem flora by 17 – 73%, entomofauna – by 27 – 62.5%, zoofauna – by a factor of 2.7 times. According to the field studies, we have classified the protective ecotones of the Lviv Railway by characteristics of profile, i.e. the structure and composition of plantations by their origin. Full-profile protective ecotones are plantations where the structure of shelterbelts (ecotones) can be clearly seen, they can be found in all sections of the Lviv Railway where the protective forest plantations were artificially created. Predominantly, they consist of one or, less common, three strips. Ecotone is formed at the boundary of two different anthropogenic tracts in a railway precinct. Across the study sections of the railway lines, only mixed stands were observed, no pure stands were found. A field study of ties between morphology and function of cumulative and ecosystem engineer; statistical methods investigated the potential protective effect of ecotones Lviv railway. The complex and differentiation characteristics of cumulative function of protective ecotones depends on the morphology and composition of forest communities –edificator. In the structure of vegetation in the consortium of protective ecotones, there is a significant amount of synanthropic and acclimatized species. Active processes are currently observed of human-induced changes in primary stands to form natural-anthropogenic stands in a wider array. The aggregate of protective ecotones at the Lviv Railway is functioning as a single system or forest reclamation complex that serves as the ecological framework where elements and subsystems interact providing a synergistic effect. Proceeding from the necessity of shifting to landscape-ecological principles of management and ensuring the maximum possible protective effect, the creation of a system of protective ecotones is one of the most innovative ways of ensuring ecosystem sustainability, in particular, enhancing their buffering capacity due to partial renewal of forest ecosystems as an integral component of natural landscape, which will provide for environmental safety on railway lines using only natural mechanisms of environmental protection. Method of investigation of environmental safety in railway transport is of great polyfunctional importance as this enables, on the basis of the landscape-ecological methods, to form consortiums of protective ecotones that will provide the maximum spatial-temporal efficacy.
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    Удосконалення структурних методів коригування адитивних похибок калібраторів напруги постійного струму
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Матвіїв, Роман; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Вдосконалено метод коригування адитивних складових похибок на основі комутаційного інвертування в калібраторах напруги постійного струму з елементами аналогової пам’яті комутаційних двополярних сигналів. Спроектовано структурну схему і принципові схеми окремих вузлів калібратора напруги з автоматичним коригуванням адитивних похибок і проведено їх дослідження. Усовершенствован метод коррекции аддитивных составляющих погрешности на основе коммутационного инвертирования в калибраторах напряжения постоянного тока с элементами аналоговой памяти коммутационных двуполярных сигналов. Спроектирована структурная схема и принципиальные схемы отдельных узлов калибратора напряжения с автоматической коррекцией аддитивных погрешностей и проведены их исследования. In normal operating conditions the error correction is usually conducted shifting the transformation function of DC voltage calibrators by introducing a corrective quantity equal in value and opposite in sign to additive error. This additive error correction is performed in manual and automatic modes. Additive errors of DC voltage calibrators are mainly caused by zero bias of the transformation function of analog electronic components in electronic circuit and voltage drop in communication lines between different circuit nodes. The additive errors caused by the operational amplifier equivalent offset voltage, are added to the output voltage of DC voltage calibrator and converted into multiplicative errors through the use of code-control dividers. Additive errors of the output scale converters of DC voltage calibrators cause additive offset of output voltage. In addition, they can also occur during the passage of supply current of different device units through the common communication lines between them. The structural and technological methods are used to reduce these errors. The review of additive error adjusting methods by means of inverting switching is conducted. Therefore, to use the additive error adjusting methods in DC voltage calibrator it is necessary to conduct their research and improvement. The method of additive error adjusting based by means of inverting switching DC voltage calibrator with analog memory elements of switching bipolar signals is improved. The block diagram of the DC voltage calibrator with double inversion is analyzed. The graphics dependences of additive error for different values of frequency clock generator, time delay and transmission rate of code-controlled divider are considered. The dependences of output voltage error value from the output signals delay formation are also investigated. Based on the analysis shows that the main drawback to switching-inverting method is the effect of forming precision pulse control keys and signals delay formation arising from the lack of speed switching transients and key operational amplifiers and code-controlled divider. To eliminate the influence of outputs transients proposed output elements of operational amplifier are stored in analog memory. A structural diagram output of DC voltage calibrator with analog memory elements. A description of scheme and given equation output voltage. From these equations shows that the resulting delay from switching the input and output signals create multiplicative error on frequency clock generator and time value delay. Under this factor of multiplicative error can be adjusted change in transmission kodecontrolled divider for a clock frequency generator of value. Improved principle scheme of separate units DC voltage calibrator with automatic errors correction and conducted its investigation and presented graphic dependences of the output voltage changes of the combiner. Analysis of graphical dependences shows that amplitude of the variable component of combiner output depends on the time constant memory elements and adder. When τ = 18 ms value variable component equal to 0.25 mV at a clock generator frequency of 1000 Hz and 0.5 mV at a frequency of 500 Hz. To reduce the variable component of the voltage at the output combiner is applied passive filter on condenser C3 and active at operational amplifier DA2. Accordingly, for the variable component value less than 1 mVmust apply suppression filter coefficient K = 47 dB at a clock generator frequency of 1000 Hz and K = 54 dB at a frequency of 500Hz. Computer research determined that the applied filter reduces a variable component not exceed to 1 mV. The proposed method of component additive error correction DC voltage calibrator from inverting switching voltage source model and output amplifier with switching signal analog memory elements output amplifier completely component additive errors corrects and improves dynamic performance DC voltage calibrator.
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    Розумні вимірювальні засоби для кіберфізичних систем
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Микийчук, Микола; Стадник, Богдан; Яцишин, Святослав; Луцик, Ярослав; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Праця спрямована на розвиток кіберфізичних систем, які стають ключовим фактором повсякденного життя, а розумні вимірювальні прилади вважають невід’ємним компонентом цієї системи. Розглядається верифікація метрологічних підсистем за параметрами, що визначають керованість обладнання та процесів, розробленням, впровадженням та реалізацією конкретних метрологічних методів та інструментів, які успішно описуються термінами “апаратна підтримка, основне і проміжне метрологічне програмне забезпечення”. Работа направлена на развитие киберфизических систем, которые становятся ключевым фактором повседневной жизни, а умные измерительные приборы считаются неотъемлемым компонентом этой системы. Рассматривается верификация метрологических подсистем по параметрам, определяющим управляемость оборудования и процессов, путем разработки, внедрения и реализации конкретных метрологических методов и инструментов, которые успешно описываются терминами “аппаратная поддержка, основное и промежуточное метрологическое программное обеспечение”. Smart measuring instruments are the prerequisite for CPS design as they constitute the essential units of informationmeasuring subsystems. There is a set of smart measurement instruments which is divided into the following subsets: smart sensors, smart transducers, their grids etc. that can be joined together in modern wireless sensor networks. The emerging field of cheap and easily deployed sensors offers an unprecedented opportunity for a wide spectrum of various applications. When combined, they offer numerous advantages over traditional networks. These include a large-scale flexible architecture, high-resolution data, and application-adaptive mechanisms as well as a row of metrological specific features and performance (self-check, self-validation, self-verification, self-calibration, self-adjustment). Milestones in everyday work aiming to ensure reliable wireless sensors networks operation lie in the direction of functional and probabilistic verifications. We provide the software and middleware development aiming to reach predetermined behavior. The easiest way to achieve this may be demonstrated on the example of widespread wireless fire detector networks. They are characterized by a number of special algorithms directed on as fast as possible and accurate triggering and actuating the automation of higher level. So, it becomes necessary to research and implement the original operation algorithms for fire sensors and also check algorithms for periodic real-time software examination. Considering their structural complexity (presence of smoke and heat sensitive elements, various principles of elaboration of the received signals, their drift of characteristics, and pollution of translucent elements, etc.) the development of such algorithms is a daunting task. Herein, human life may be the price for a bug. Equally important seems to be probabilistic verification that is to boost the probability of reaching wireless sensors network declared goals (estimation of their chances being achieved). Each network consists structurally of a large number (up to 103) of nodes which are individual sensors able to radio communicate with one or several neighboring units. The most common wireless sensors network is the fire alarm sensors network each branch of which has up to 26 sensors which was caused by limiting the length of microcontroller register. Topology of every network may differ: star, cluster tree, mesh, up to advanced multi-hop mesh network. Propagation technique between hops of network can be routing or flooding. Nowadays, problem arises to adapt traditional network topologies to contemporary communicating conditions. If a centralized architecture is used in a sensor network and the central node fails, then the entire network will collapse, however the reliability of sensor network can be increased by using distributed control architecture. Distributed control is used in such networks for the following reasons: sensor nodes are prone to failure; for better collection of data; to provide nodes with backup in case of the central node failure; resources have to be self -organized. Aiming at the substantial development of Cyber-Physical systems, which are becoming a key element of everyday life,the smart measuring instruments are considered below as an indispensable part of entire systems. Verification of the metrological subsystems for parameters determining the controlled equipment and processes through the development,implementation and realization of specific metrology and standardization methods, instruments, that is successfully described by the terms “metrological hardware, software, and middleware”. Smart sensors are supplied with digital information transmissive means by equipping them with built-in digital controllers to match the universal network interface or by combining technology of analogue and digital transmission in a single measuring channel. According to the structure all smart sensors are divided into 4 groups: sensors of centralized and decentralized types, as well as sensors with digital and analogue buses. According to correction methods the analogue interfaces with smart sensors are divided into the groups: with manual error correction, with auto correction of errors in analogue-digital form, and with digital correction of errors. Specific measurement consists in evaluating MIs performance reliability, trueness, and other metrological properties, due to the quality of a certain kind of metrological software, or the software linked to metrological features of MIs. MI software metrological verification raises the problem of appropriate methods choice of software and middleware assessing, testing, and certifying. The metrological validation must result in confirmation or discarding of the studied ware following the requirements indicated in normative documents. Procedures and methods of checking software, and determining its disadvantages are considered below. Software study includes first of all the fulfilling the procedures of inambiguity ensuring the operating functions for generated data. Selection of the procedures is determined by regulation requirements, as well as by the software developer or the user’s desires to confirm its compliance with the target specification.
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    Аналіз граничних умов працездатності вимірювальних перетворювачів імітансу на базі операційних підсилювачів
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Івах, Роман; Хома, Володимир; Хома, Юрій; Питель, Іван; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Показано місце та роль активних вимірювальних перетворювачів імітанс-напруга у структурі частотного аналізатора. Проаналізовано фактори, які обмежують працездатність активних вимірювальних перетворювачів. Наведено формалізовані моделі цих перетворювачів та на їх основі встановлено граничні умови, пов’язані з їх стійкістю. Показано место и роль активных измерительных преобразователей иммитанс-напряжение в структуре частотного анализатора. Проанализированы факторы, которые ограничивают работоспособность активных измерительных преобразователей. Приведены формализованные модели этих преобразователей и на их основе установлены предельные условия, связанные с их устойчивостью. Development of specialized portable measurement tools for impedance spectroscopy is quite challenging and up-to-date technical task. Portable impedance analyzers are required to satisfy certain criteria among which the most important are the following: stability of metrological characteristics of measurement channel over a wide frequency range, high dynamics, fast frequency sweep and the probe signal with appropriate step as well as high resolution of impedance/admittance measurement results. Autobalancing circuits are widely used in impedance analyzers design. However, their applications is followed by some problems related to operation stability caused by global feedback loop. The aim of the paper is to study the stability of the active measurements converter based on autobalancing circuits as well as determining their operation limits. The article shows the place and role of active measuring converters immitance-voltage in the structure of the frequency analyzer. Formal models of active converters were used to analyses operational limits related to system stability. The main results of research can be summarized as following: – To determine operating frequency range of the autobalancing circuit can successfully convert impedance to voltage, following rule have been formulated. The upper limit of the frequency range should be taken at least ten times smaller than operational amplifier bandwidth. The lower limit is formally unlimited. – Circuit operational limits related to system stability depends on relation of operational amplifier bandwidth to closedloop knee frequency as well as relation of closed-loop knee frequency to operational circuit time constant (product of reference resistor to input capacitance). – The system is considered to be operating at normal conditions if relation of operational amplifier output resistance to reference resistance is equal or smaller then one. If the ratio excides this threshold, then measurement circuit will lose amplification properties at high frequency..
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    Застосування методу серій для дослідження взаємної кореляції спостережень
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Дорожовець, Михайло; Никипанчук, Олена; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Запропоновано метод обчислення автокореляції, а також ефективної кількості спостережень. Для генерування корельованих спостережень використовується метод рухомого середнього. За допомогою методу серій можливе спрощене обчислення ефективної кількості спостережень для визначення стандартної непевності середнього значення корельованих спостережень. Предложен метод вычисления автокорреляции, а также эффективного числа наблюдений. Для генерирования коррелированных наблюдений используется метод подвижного среднего. С помощью метода серий возможно упрощенное вычисление эффективного числа наблюдений для определения стандартной неопределенности среднего значения коррелированных наблюдений. When processing the results of measurements big role important presence of correlation values. To find the standard uncertainty need to know the effective number of uncorrelated observations. No correlation can consider could lead to incorrect evaluation of the standard uncertainty of the mean. Not always known autocorrelation function monitoring, and evaluation of the autocorrelation function on observations characterized by low accuracy, which can lead to incorrect finding effective number. There are indirect methods of evaluating the impact assessment on observations correlation standard deviation. This method is recorded sample of N divided into k sub-samples (groups) up to n samples each (N = n · k). Each subsample are partial mean and variance estimation, and find the settings for the entire sample. Then compare the ratio of the variance between groups and within the group. Using the F distribution at a significance level α determined whether the observations are correlated or not. These methods are quite complex and require significant additional computing. The purpose of research is to study simple method of testing autocorrelation and consideration in calculating the Neff. The proposed method is based on calculating the number of series. Series is a sequence of observed values equal before which or after which the values observed are another category or no supervision at all. Set the number of series or observation results are correlated or not. To determine whether correlated observations required to determine the median of the sample and calculate the number of deviations from the median values. Research performed by theMonte Carlo. For research use two types of observations: first – with uncorrelated observations, the second – generated correlated observations, including the method ofmoving average. To find the index of correlation function used exponential autocorrelation function. An effective dependence theoretical number and effective number determined by the method episodes from different bias moving average on a constant number of observations. Based on these studies show that increasing the number of observations (N> 50) to simplify the calculation of the possible number of effective using the method of series. At least 50 the number of observations can be effective calculating numbers with a small biasmoving average.To investigate the cross-correlation of observations of the method is appropriate series and simplifies the calculation of the standard uncertainty.
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    Дослідження електричної та математичної моделі контролю якості овочів
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Мідик, Ігор; Чабан, Олеся; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”; Львівський національний медичний університет імені Данила Галицького
    Складено електричну та математичну модель контролю якості об’єктів неелектричної природи, враховуючи відомі сьогодні прототипи та результати проведених експериментальних досліджень зміни активної та реактивної складових провідності (адмітансу) в частотному діапазоні тестового сигналу. Проведено математичне моделювання складових адмітансу в разі зміни ємності приелектродного шару, опору та ємності об’єкта неелектричної природи у частотному діапазоні тестового сигналу. Опрацьовано отримані результати зміни активної та реактивної складових провідності, подано рекомендації щодо оптимального частотного діапазону проведення вимірювань та особливостей конструктивних елементів електричної моделі контролю якості об’єктів неелектричної природи. Составлено электрическую и математическую модели контроля качества объектов неэлектрической природы, учитывая известные сегодня прототипы и результаты проведенных экспериментальных исследований изменения активной и реактивной составляющих проводимости (адмитансу) в частотном диапазоне тестового сигнала. Проведено математическое моделирование составляющих адмитанса при изменениях емкости приелектродного слоя, сопротивления и емкости объекта неэлектрической природы в частотном диапазоне тестового сигнала. Обработано полученные результаты изменения активной и реактивной составляющих проводимости и даны рекомендации относительно оптимального частотного диапазона проведения измерений и особенностей конструктивных элементов электрической модели контроля качества объектов неэлектрической природы. Operational control of quality vegetables can be made using the method immitance control their electrical parameters.Vegetables – are objects of non-electric nature, and their juices – this electrolyte solutions, where there are free charged particles – ions, and it immitance method is based on measuring the electrical conductivity control objects. Therefore, research is relevant electrical parameters vegetable juices as well as development of electric and mathematical models immitance contact transducer. The object of the research is the process of measuring electrical parameters of objects of non-electrical nature. The study examined the features are measuring electrical parameters of the objects of nature electic primary contact transducers. The aim of the research is to identify the influence of parameters of contact transducers for measuring electrical parameters results electic nature objects in a frequency range test signal. Main tasks: – Make electric model quality control facilities electic nature; taking into account known today prototypes; – Make a mathematical model of quality control facilities electic nature; – Assess the impact of the model parameters (resistance and capacitance facility and capacity electrode layer) on the results of measurements of electrical parameters electic nature objects in a frequency range test signal. To study the electrical parameters of vegetable juice prepared generalized electrical equivalent circuit system “sensormeasuring tool”. Based on the equivalent circuit constructed system “sensor-measuring means” formed mathematical model of the transformer primary object of control. Informative electrical parameters are immitance components (active and reactive component) primary converter with vegetable juice (non-electric research object nature). Make up electrical and mathematical model of quality control objects non-electrical nature, taking into account known today prototypes and the results of experimental studies of changes active and reactive components of the conductivity (admittance) in the frequency range test signal. Using the experimental results of change of active and reactive components of the conductivity (admittance) using Solve Block in the software package MathCad Prime 3.1, values obtained resistance and capacitance object electic nature and capacity electrode layer in a frequency range test signal. Done mathematical modelling of admittance components with changes capacitance of electrode layer, resistance and capacitance of object non-electrical nature in a frequency range test signal. Processed obtained results of change of active and reactive components of the conductivity and provides guidance on the optimal frequency range of measurement and features of structural elements of the electrical model quality control objects non-electrical nature. The results of mathematical modeling components admittance was concluded that with increasing frequency electrode layer capacitance Cn frequency from which the active component is independent frequency decreases.And for independence measurement result object nature electic resistance Rx = 46 ohms and a capacity Cx = 1500 pkF (eg Carrot juice) at lower frequencies necessary to increase the capacity electrode layer, using a sensor with a greater area of the electrodes.Changing the capacity control object Cx does not affect the value immitance (this follows from the analysis of the expression of the active component of impedance as Cn >> Cx). Frequency from which reactive component is practically constant, slightly increases with increasing facility capacity control Cx. With the growing resistance of the control object Rx = 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ohms (this range of resistance values corresponding to different vegetable juices) curves active component of impedance shifted downward by the value of active component of impedance and left in frequency, that frequency, from which the active component is independent frequency decreases. Therefore, for the independence of the measurement result object electic nature with less resistance required measurements at higher frequencies. However, with increasing resistance Rx frequency control facility from which the reactive component is practically constant, unchanged.
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    Дослідження діелектричних властивостей речовин у діапазоні радіочастот
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Горват, Андрій; Молнар, Олександр; Мінькович, Віктор; Ужгородcький національний університет
    Описано автоматизовану систему, яка дає змогу досліджувати діелектричну проникність у діапазоні частот 50 кГц − 50 МГц генераторно-резонансним методом з одночасним використанням принципів періодичного порівняння та заміщення. Описана автоматизированная система, которая позволяет исследовать диэлектрическую проницаемость на частотах 50 кГц – 50 МГц генераторно-резонансным методом с одновременным использованием принципов периодического сравнения и замещения.At the frequency range up to 100 MHz the real dielectric with permittivity e and conductivity λ simulated by twoterminal element of the electric circuit with complex impedance Z~ or complex conductivity L ~ , in which interaction of electromagnetic fields with the investigated substance is provided. The values of real e ¢ and imaginary e¢ parts of the complex dielectric constant e e e ¢ + ¢ = * is calculated based on the geometric factors and measured values of Z~ and L). In a simplest case two-terminal element represents as a parallel or series connected capacitor Cx and resistor Rx. In proposed measuring method the investigated two-terminal element with capacitance Cx and conductance Gx=1/Rx or the reference capacitor С0 and conductance G0 connected periodically to oscillatory LC circuit of electric high frequency generator by automatic switching unit with a frequency Ω<<ω, were ω – eigen frequency of oscillatory LC circuit. The output of the measuring generator is a high frequency package voltage, which is modulated both on frequency and amplitude at a switching frequency Ω. The difference on amplitudes ΔU and frequencies Δω of packet output voltage can be used from direct determination of Cx and Gx, but in this case the total measurement uncertainty include instability of ΔU and Δω measurement channels. In addition, on dielectrics with significant losses, neglect contribution of conductivity difference G0–Gx to the Dw is unacceptable. From this regard, in the laboratory layout for automatic measurement of Cx and Gx the method of inverse substitution principles was applied. The principle of periodic comparison and inverse substitution in generator-resonance method allowed to exclude the impact of the circuit element parameters volatility and thereby improve the accuracy and automate the process of measurement. The developed automated system can measure the capacity of 0,05 pF or more in the frequency range 50 kHz – 50 MHz with accuracy better than 2%. The sensitivity of the circuit to conductance changes and consequently to dielectric losses depends on the frequency and amplitude of the generator voltage, and the type and value of measuring conductivity. In practically studies relative conducted measurement uncertainty Gx does not exceed 5%.
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    Вплив технічно-естетичних показників якості паковання на попит продукції
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Калініна, Олена; Байцар, Роман; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Розглянуто вплив естетичних показників якості паковання на конкурентоспроможність товарів і їх просування на споживчому ринку, значення низки чинників у формуванні художньо-естетичної складової паковання, а також чинні нормативні документи, які регламентують стандарти на паковання. Рассмотрено влияние эстетических показателей качества упаковки на конкурентоспособность товаров и их продвижение на потребительском рынке, значение ряда факторов для формирования художественно-эстетической составляющей упаковки, а также существующие нормативные документы, регламентирующие стандарты на упаковку. Demand for consumer goods is quite difficult socio-economic category. In the decision to purchase a particular product objectively influenced by factors such as the usefulness of product, price and income of buyer. Appearance of packaging, largely must to help shoppers navigate in the ocean products, introduces him to the principal advantage of goods and helps to make the right choice. Packing regarded as artistic and functional complex that includes three interrelated components: the material and constructive, communicative and informative and artistically shaped. Along with certain characteristics that a quality modern packaging must have , such as environmental friendliness, reliability, lightness, ease of use, portability, possibility of recycling, the expressive aesthetic appearance is prerequisite for competitiveness. When creating attractive, positive for consumer visual "picture" of packaging should take into account certain characteristics of consumer audience. Unconditional and unquestionable influence on visual perception packaging design has national mentality and traditional features, characteristic of the population of a country and certain stereotypes in the perception of the visual image. Yes, always negative impact on demand of commodity will have colors, symbols and signs on the packaging, which historically perceived negatively by citizens of the country, and, conversely, the positive experience of the people, their traditions cause positive emotions, to encourage purchases. For example, in the Middle East blue color associated with mourning, but in Europe it is called royal, red symbolizes the loss in Turkey, while in China it is perceived as a symbol of goodness and joy Age of consumers affects visual perception packaging and hence on the demand of goods too. Thus, the packaging products for children should be attractive for them to have a bright, saturated colors, pleasant to the touch surface. For packaging of goods for teenagers would be appropriate concise, accurate slogans slang phrases, positive characters which common in subculture of teenagers. Brand designers must also take into account the objective gender differences in the perception of packaging for men and women. Also physiological characteristics of men and women directly displayed on differences in purchasing behavior. Color, size, shape of packaging "female" goods traditionally associated with elegance, beauty and charm of women, while the visual image of the "male" goods must emphasize poise, courage, determination of man. So, the shape of the male deodorant "24/7" has restrained rectangular silhouette and a bottle designed for women mimics the configurati of female body. When developing packaging designs undeniable influence on his visual image has a price equivalent of product which this packaging has positioned . Dear goods require of expensive, high-quality, sometimes of exclusive means of its representation. Packaging of luxury goods should speak eloquently about his status. Today designers and marketers to attract buyers are use innovative, increasingly expressive and creative packaging solutions of visual image, using innovative and sometimes extraordinary general idea. Containers used for packaging products must comply with the current standards or specifications and provide storage and immutability of their properties during the warranty period. Type of packaging determined by current regulations. Ukraine's WTO membership and ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU obliges Ukraine to the implementation of international standards governing the modern requirements for packaging consumer products.
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    Аналіз похибки вимірювання кута напряму на ціль розподіленою системою звукової артилерійської розвідки
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Трембач, Богдан; Кочан, Роман; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Проаналізовано похибку визначення кута на ціль у системі артилерійської звукової розвідки. Досліджено обчислювальну складність формули для визначення відстані між звукоприймачами. Проаналізовано основні джерела похибки під час визначення кута напряму на ціль. Показано залежності складових похибки визначення кута на ціль. Проанализирована погрешность определения угла на цель в системе артиллерийской звуковой разведки. Исследована вычислительная сложность формулы для определения расстояния между звукоприемниками. Проанализированы основные источники погрешности при определении угла направления на цель. Показано зависимости составляющих погрешности определения угла на цель. The analysis determining the angle error on the target system artillery sound intelligence. Studied computational complexity of the formula for determining the distance between the sound receivers. The basic source of error in determining the direction angle to the target. Showing error components depending determine the angle to the target. Sound is a type of artillery reconnaissance and combat support artillery units [1], which uses acoustic stereo to determine the direction to the target. Means sound intelligence forces Ukraine is sound-metric-type filling station AKZ-7. However, their condition technical readiness can not effectively carry out the sound of artillery reconnaissanc. In [4] proposed a distributed sound system of automatic artillery reconnaissance using a plurality of independent sound receivers located on the ground and combined with wireless network using cellular channels. Sound acoustic receivers provide environmental monitoring and the detection of sound of a shot or pass to break the sound server system time and their geographic coordinates. The server system provides data aggregation sound receivers and presenting the results of the system to authorized users. The aim of this work is to investigate the accuracy of measurement of the angle to the target in the implementation of systems based on advanced cellular terminals (smartphones). In [5] analyzed the errors of determining the angle to the target system artillery sound intelligence.Analiz showed that the computational complexity of the formula used to estimate the error of the system is unnecessarily high. Analysis of distance between two geographical points that are scattered over a distance of 3 km (expected maximum allowable distance between the sound receivers, they hear one goal) showed that it corresponds exactly service Google Maps. Function arguments are: the distance between the sound receivers during the fixation of sounds goals sound receivers and the speed of sound in air. Error of these variables will determine the angle error of the target. The dependence on the angle determining the distance between the target sound audio receivers distributed system intelligence based artillery systems provider. It tested a new method of determining the distance by geographical coordinates and compared the results with the service Google Maps. Established that the accuracy of the distance, the new method is not inferior to existing ones. This allows you to determine the distance to within 1 meter. The greatest influence on the resulting error gives a measure of time. Therefore, a further step to improve the determination of the angle of the target is to reduce the error determination time.
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    Нові методи теплової томографії, а також фільтрації тепловізійних зображень
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Мельник, Сергій; Петріченко, Геннадій; Тулузов, Ігор; ІРЕ ім. А. Я. Усікова НАН України; ТОВ НВФ “Харків-Прилад”; Харківський регіональний центр інвестицій
    Запропоновано два нові методи теплової томографії, основані на оригінальних методиках нагрівання та алгоритмах розв’язання оберненої задачі теплопровідності в об’єкті контроля. Додатково запропоновано три методи оброблення тепловізійних зображень, що ґрунтуються на урахуванні динаміки термографічного зображення та дають змогу відфільтрувати артефакти, пов’язані із неоднорідністю коефіцієнта випромінювання поверхні, значно збільшують кількість віртуальних пікселів та якість зображення, дають змогу максимально повно використати апріорну інформацію для розв’язання некоректних обернених задач реконструкції. Наведено приклади застосування цих методів до задачі контролю каналів охолодження у лопатках турбін. Предложены два новых метода тепловой томографии, основанных на оригинальных методиках нагрева и алгоритмах решения обратной задачи теплопроводности в объекте контроля. Дополнительно предложены три метода обработки тепловизионных изображений, которые основаны на учете динамики термографического изображения и позволяют отфильтровать артефакты, связанные с неоднородностью коэффициента излучения поверхности, значительно увеличивают количество виртуальных точек и качество изображения, позволяют максимально полно использовать априорную информацию при решении некорректных обратных задач реконструкции. Приведены примеры применения этих методов к задаче контроля каналов охлаждения в лопатках турбин. Two new thermal imaging methods, based on the original methods of heating and algorithms for solving the inverse problem of heat conduction in the test object. In addition, proposed three methods of thermal imaging, which are based on the account of the dynamics of thermographic images and allows you to filter artifacts related to the heterogeneity of the surface emissivity, significantly increase the number of virtual pixels and image quality, allows maximum use of a priori information in the solution of ill-posed inverse problems of reconstruction. Examples of application of these methods to the problem of the cooling channels in turbine blades control. The projection dynamic thermal tomography (PDTT) method is applicable for control of objects with irregular internal structure. It allows reliably detecting the foreign inclusion-type defects and controlling with high accuracy the geometric parameters of the internal structure of objects. This method is designed for using modern thermal imager with a standard set of parameters and does not require expensive additional equipment. Preliminary numerical analysis of capabilities of the proposed method for specific objects and the parameters of expected defects is possible, indicating the requirements to the parameters of thermal imager and heating. The PDTT method is superior in terms of information value to all alternative DTT methods and can also replace a number of more expensive control procedures using other methods (ultrasonic, x-ray, SHF). The generally accepted parameters of evaluating the quality of cooling turbine blades are missing. A wide range of sizes and theirs cooling mechanisms significantly complicate the use of such parameters as absolute values. We propose to use a universal relative parameter. It corresponds to the virtual heat transfer coefficient at a predetermined depth of the metal layer. It illustrates the possible use of this parameter for various methods of thermal control. It is shown that an integrated approach to the construction of the control system and the integration of different modes of cooling can significantly reduce the uncertainty of the quality of the cooling parameter. He is a local and could eventually be used to evaluate the residual life of the blade. In case of random nature of heating the measured thermal emission flow depends not only on the real surface temperature, but also on its emissivity factor. Unlike the known DTT methods, the filtration of artifacts requires taking account of the dynamics of the whole process. Such processing is performed in each pixel of the thermal image and the dynamics of measurements in adjacent pixels is also taken into account. The accuracy of the filtration is determined both by the number of adjacent pixels taken into account and the completeness of the obtained measurement information. The problems encountered when observing objects, whose dimensions do not exceed several pixels of the matrix of recorders. It is shown that the motion of the object relative to the matrix, and the use of multiple consecutive frames can significantly improve the fidelity of the shape and true size of the object. This measurement information can be represented as integrals along the trajectories on a three dimensional lattice of space-time pixels. The reconstructions of а heterogeneity function of pixels through the use of the controlled motion of the test object and methods of computer tomography. The possibility of determining the relative velocity of the object in each of the frames using the "blind" method. The algorithm of reconstruction of images with large non-uniform increment, as in passive, and when they are managed relative motion. An algorithmic approach to solving inverse problems of reconstruction of the structure of the scattering medium can significantly improve its informativeness in cases where the lack of prior information and a high noise level does not allow to use standard approaches. Thus, unlike statistical processing methods, constructing a set of hypotheses is not required. The unknown parameters of the processing procedure can be obtained using the "blind method" in the reconstruction process. This automatically eliminates the possible redundancy of model. The choice of language to describe the array of input data and the search algorithm of the model optimal parameters is determined not by the features of the device and the object of observation, but by the expected view of the final presentation of the results. The described technique is universal and can be used for solving different tasks of reconstruction as a whole, and in any intermediate signal processing.
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    Зміст до збірника «Вимірювальна техніка та метрологія» Випуск 77
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016)
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    Корекція похибок дрейфу та набутої неоднорідності у термоелектричному перетворювачі з керованим профілем температурного поля
    (Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Кочан, Орест; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
    Набута термоелектрична неоднорідність термопар та її негативний вплив на похибку вимірювання температури термоелектричними перетворювачами відомі понад століття. Сучасні дослідники вважають її основним джерелом похибки вимірювання температури, а саме явище однозначно негативним. Однак останнім часом запропоновано ефективні методи боротьби з цією похибкою. Розроблено підхід, що дає змогу використати набуту термоелектричну неоднорідність термопар для оцінювання метрологічних характеристик термоелектричних перетворювачів. Приобретенная термоэлектрическая неоднородность термопар и ее негативное влияние на погрешность измерения температуры термоэлектрическими преобразователями известны больше столетия. Современные исследователи считают ее главным источником погрешности измерения температуры, а само явление однозначно негативным. Однако в последнее время предложены эффективные методы борьбы с этой погрешностью. В статье предложен подход, позволяющий использовать приобретённую термоэлектрическую неоднородность термопар для оценки метрологических характеристик термоэлектрических преобразователей. Thermocouples are the most popular sensors of temperature used in measuring praxis for temperatures in the range 600–2500 ºC, in spite of their drawbacks. The most important among them is their error, which is often too big for many cases in industry and science. The total error of thermocouples is much greater than that of their measurement channels. The main errors proper for thermocouples are as follows: 1. Considerable initial deviation of their conversion characteristic (CC) from the nominal one. The likely deviation in CC for the most popular type of thermocouples (type K) may reach 5,5 °C at 600 °C and 8 °C at 1100 °C. 2. Considerable drift of CC during operation at high temperatures, that is a change of CC in time. It may vary in the range of 0,5 °C to 10 °C for the mentioned above type K of thermocouples during 1000 hours at 600 °C or at 1100 °C respectively. 3. Thermoelectric inhomogeneity of thermocouple legs acquired during operation at high temperatures. The error due to inhomogeneity may reach 10 °C when measuring 1100 °C during 1000 hours using type K thermocouples, or even more in some cases. The error due to acquired inhomogeneity stems from changes in thermocouple legs at high temperatures in time. These changes are caused by the effect of chemical and physical processes (such as oxidation, diffusion, recrystallization etc.) in legs. If a thermocouple is split into imaginative sections, each section operates at its own temperature. That is the reason why, during prolonged operation, CC of each section changes in time in accordance with its particular operating temperature. If the temperature field along the thermocouple legs changes, the temperatures of each section changes correspondingly. Therefore, the error of each section is not constant, so the total error of a thermocouple varies even when the temperatures of the measuring and the reference junctions remain constant. This is an appearance of the error due to thermoelectric inhomogeneity when the developed emf depends on the distribution of temperature along thermocouple legs. Many researchers consider that it is the main reason of thermocouple error. Sometimes the high thermocouple error after extended use is thought to be inevitable and impossible to correct. However, recent studies have discovered new methods for decreasing the influence of the error due to acquired inhomogeneity on measurements of temperature using thermocouples. There are three stages of understanding of the error due to inhomogeneity during the history of thermocouples. The first stage began in 1906, when the problem of the inhomogeneity in thermocouples was posted. Since then the problem has been studied by various researchers. In 1976 professor Kirenkov drawn conclusion that inhomogeneous thermocouples cannot be used in measuring praxis because of a big error which is impossible either to correct orcompensate. No methods how to deal with the error due to acquired during operation inhomogeneity were suggested.This is the second stage of the problem – direct prohibition of use of inhomogeneous thermocouples. The third stage began in 1984, when some methods of correction for the error due to inhomogeneity were suggested. The first of them was thermocouple calibration in situ, or in a temperature field similar to that of operation. Also the method for computation of the thermocouple error in an operating conditions based on the thermocouple calibration in a laboratory was suggested in the same year. However, the most effective method for compensating the error due to inhomogeneity was suggested in 2006. The idea of the method is to stabilize a temperature field along a thermocouple using additional subsystems for temperature control. Implementation of the method requires a new sensor which was suggested in 2006 and was called the thermocouple with controlled profile of temperature field. This is the third stage of the problem. At this stage some effective methods to compensate the error due to inhomogeneity were suggested. This paper suggest the next stage, that is the fourth one, which implies development of the method suggested in 2006 and the thermocouple with controlled profile of temperature field. The idea of the stage is to use thermoelectric inhomogeneity of thermocouples to assess the metrological properties of thermoelectric thermometers.