Вимірювальна техніка та метрологія. – 2016. – Випуск 77
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/39773
Міжвідомчий науково-технічний збірник
Вимірювальна техніка та метрологія : міжвідомчий науково-технічний збірник / Міністерство освіти і науки України ; відповідальний редактор Б. І. Стадник. – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016. – Випуск 77. – 198 c. : іл.
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Item Основи квантової термометрії(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Стадник, Богдан; Яцишин, Святослав; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Доведено існування кванта температури, зумовленого дисипацією одного електрона на фононах за одиницю часу, та теоретично визначено його значення через фундаментальні фізичні сталі з установленою непевністю, залежною від непевностей методів визначення цих сталих. Показано можливість створення сучасного еталона температури на базі фундаментальних фізичних сталих із залученням еталона електричного опору на базі інверсного значення кванта електропровідності та еталона напруги на базі масиву переходів Джозефсона. Доказано существование кванта температуры, обусловленного диссипацией одного электрона на фононах в единицу времени, теоретически определено его значение через фундаментальные физические постоянные с установленным значением неопределенности, зависящей от неопределенности методов определения этих постоянных. Показано возможность создания современного эталона температуры на базе фундаментальных физических постоянных с привлечением эталона электрического сопротивления на основании инверсного значения кванта электропроводности и эталона напряжения на основании массива переходов Джозефсона. At this moment the Temperature Unit remains the last, among 7 major units of SI, value that is not regulated at the atomic level. Such state of affairs cannot be deemed adequate for the advanced technology. After implementation of current CODATA “Temperature” redefinition, the next step in provision of scientific support for realizing the Temperature Measurement of new generation seems to be a creation of Quantum Standard on the basis of the fundamental physical constants. The Boltzmann constant consideration related only to the energy of electrons scattering in process of collision with atoms may be incomplete and therefore not quite correct. While ignoring the process of acquiring energy by electrons to which may be involved in another fundamental physical constant such as Planck constant, the obtained model would be not quite perfect. These both sides of process combine a balanced approach to the problem of temperature arising as the heat manifestation (in the case of transmission of electric current through the substance) of the conduction electrons interacting with atoms. Therefore, occurrence of the Planck constant in proposed by us the Quantum Unit of Temperature becomes reasonable. It is proved the existence of Quantum Unit of Temperature caused by single electron-phonon dissipation per second and determined its value with the uncertainty defined by the set of different physical methods. The possibility of researching the most contemporary measure of temperature on the basis of fundamental physical constants with involvement of the Standard of Electrical Resistance on the basis of Inverse of Conductance Quantum as well as the Standard of Voltage based on the Josephson junctions array is considered. For this purpose are involved the Standard of electrical resistance on the basis of Inverse of Conductance Quantum as well as the Standard of voltage based on the Josephson junctions that can produce voltage pulses with time-integrated areas perfectly quantized in integer values of h/2e. As mentioned resistance we propose to study FET construction, namely the CNTFET with built-in CNT which has to be superconductive. Source and drain have to be manufactured from two dissimilar conductive metals (for example constantan and copper) that constitute the T-type thermocouple via CNT quasi-junction. The last is inherent in resistance Kl 2R he= which is equal to 25812.807 557 ± 0.0040 Ώ, due to transient resistance of contacts. While studying the dissipation of electric power on such an electric resistance in temperature measurement area, it becomes able the estimation of temperature jump conjugated with I Net= which is formed per unit time t by N conduction electrons of each charge e that transfer energy 32 kT to atoms of matter. Resulting value of temperature jump is deduced, and it is reduced later to single electron-phonon dissipation per second. Received value is identified as Reduced Quantum Unit of Temperature: 1 . [ ]12 1 .3 . t sN BT h K sk s D ®®D = é ù × êë úû. On condition of power supply from Johnston junctions array, it appears an opportunity to pass a discrete, clearly appointed number of electrons through Standard’s CNT. The studied temperature jump is easiest to measure with minimal methodical error with help of built-in high-mentioned thermocouple. It is determined by electric energy dissipated on CNTFET contacts at passing a current, via ratio of h and kB and is equal to 3.199 493 42 ∙ 10-11 K with relative standard uncertainty 59.2∙10-8 (defined by well-known values h and kB of NIST tables). It can be extremely helpful at Quantum Temperature Measurement Standard design.Item Розумні вимірювальні засоби для кіберфізичних систем(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Микийчук, Микола; Стадник, Богдан; Яцишин, Святослав; Луцик, Ярослав; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Праця спрямована на розвиток кіберфізичних систем, які стають ключовим фактором повсякденного життя, а розумні вимірювальні прилади вважають невід’ємним компонентом цієї системи. Розглядається верифікація метрологічних підсистем за параметрами, що визначають керованість обладнання та процесів, розробленням, впровадженням та реалізацією конкретних метрологічних методів та інструментів, які успішно описуються термінами “апаратна підтримка, основне і проміжне метрологічне програмне забезпечення”. Работа направлена на развитие киберфизических систем, которые становятся ключевым фактором повседневной жизни, а умные измерительные приборы считаются неотъемлемым компонентом этой системы. Рассматривается верификация метрологических подсистем по параметрам, определяющим управляемость оборудования и процессов, путем разработки, внедрения и реализации конкретных метрологических методов и инструментов, которые успешно описываются терминами “аппаратная поддержка, основное и промежуточное метрологическое программное обеспечение”. Smart measuring instruments are the prerequisite for CPS design as they constitute the essential units of informationmeasuring subsystems. There is a set of smart measurement instruments which is divided into the following subsets: smart sensors, smart transducers, their grids etc. that can be joined together in modern wireless sensor networks. The emerging field of cheap and easily deployed sensors offers an unprecedented opportunity for a wide spectrum of various applications. When combined, they offer numerous advantages over traditional networks. These include a large-scale flexible architecture, high-resolution data, and application-adaptive mechanisms as well as a row of metrological specific features and performance (self-check, self-validation, self-verification, self-calibration, self-adjustment). Milestones in everyday work aiming to ensure reliable wireless sensors networks operation lie in the direction of functional and probabilistic verifications. We provide the software and middleware development aiming to reach predetermined behavior. The easiest way to achieve this may be demonstrated on the example of widespread wireless fire detector networks. They are characterized by a number of special algorithms directed on as fast as possible and accurate triggering and actuating the automation of higher level. So, it becomes necessary to research and implement the original operation algorithms for fire sensors and also check algorithms for periodic real-time software examination. Considering their structural complexity (presence of smoke and heat sensitive elements, various principles of elaboration of the received signals, their drift of characteristics, and pollution of translucent elements, etc.) the development of such algorithms is a daunting task. Herein, human life may be the price for a bug. Equally important seems to be probabilistic verification that is to boost the probability of reaching wireless sensors network declared goals (estimation of their chances being achieved). Each network consists structurally of a large number (up to 103) of nodes which are individual sensors able to radio communicate with one or several neighboring units. The most common wireless sensors network is the fire alarm sensors network each branch of which has up to 26 sensors which was caused by limiting the length of microcontroller register. Topology of every network may differ: star, cluster tree, mesh, up to advanced multi-hop mesh network. Propagation technique between hops of network can be routing or flooding. Nowadays, problem arises to adapt traditional network topologies to contemporary communicating conditions. If a centralized architecture is used in a sensor network and the central node fails, then the entire network will collapse, however the reliability of sensor network can be increased by using distributed control architecture. Distributed control is used in such networks for the following reasons: sensor nodes are prone to failure; for better collection of data; to provide nodes with backup in case of the central node failure; resources have to be self -organized. Aiming at the substantial development of Cyber-Physical systems, which are becoming a key element of everyday life,the smart measuring instruments are considered below as an indispensable part of entire systems. Verification of the metrological subsystems for parameters determining the controlled equipment and processes through the development,implementation and realization of specific metrology and standardization methods, instruments, that is successfully described by the terms “metrological hardware, software, and middleware”. Smart sensors are supplied with digital information transmissive means by equipping them with built-in digital controllers to match the universal network interface or by combining technology of analogue and digital transmission in a single measuring channel. According to the structure all smart sensors are divided into 4 groups: sensors of centralized and decentralized types, as well as sensors with digital and analogue buses. According to correction methods the analogue interfaces with smart sensors are divided into the groups: with manual error correction, with auto correction of errors in analogue-digital form, and with digital correction of errors. Specific measurement consists in evaluating MIs performance reliability, trueness, and other metrological properties, due to the quality of a certain kind of metrological software, or the software linked to metrological features of MIs. MI software metrological verification raises the problem of appropriate methods choice of software and middleware assessing, testing, and certifying. The metrological validation must result in confirmation or discarding of the studied ware following the requirements indicated in normative documents. Procedures and methods of checking software, and determining its disadvantages are considered below. Software study includes first of all the fulfilling the procedures of inambiguity ensuring the operating functions for generated data. Selection of the procedures is determined by regulation requirements, as well as by the software developer or the user’s desires to confirm its compliance with the target specification.