Філософські науки
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Item Титульний аркуш до Вісника "Філософські науки" № 780(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014)Item Зміст до Вісника "Філософські науки" № 780(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014)Item Особливості трактування природно-правових ідей у творчості просвітників (Вольтер, Ж-Ж. Руссо, Ш.-Л. Монтеск’є)(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Хвойницька, ХристинаРозглядаються юснатуралістичні ідеї у творчості видатних діячів епохи Просвітництва Вольтера, Ж.-Ж. Руссо та Ш.-Л. Монтеск’є. Всебічно проаналізовано їхні філософські доктрини в галузі природного права. Розкрито раціоналістичне підґрунтя цього феномену в інтерпретації просвітників. The paper analyses the philosophical doctrines in the field of natural law. The author reveals the rationalistic basis of this phenomenon in the interpretation of the representatives of the age of Enlightenment. Considering the society and the state as a natural “kingdom of reason”, a French philosopher Voltaire seeks for moral regulators of human behavior. In spite of the convictions of the church and theologians about the transcendental origin of morality, Voltaire emphasizes its natural character believing that natural laws exist in the human souls in the form of some moral principles. Morality is inherent to all human beings at all times and in every place. Its unity is determined by the identity of vital needs and psychophysical traits of people. Consequently, equal relationships evolve requiring moral and legal regulations that can be interpreted as natural rights. J. J. Rousseau, like other representatives of the natural law school, believes that all people are equal in the natural state. One can hardly notice those differences between people that are of great importance in a civilised society. They are physical strength, dexterity, beauty, courage and mental abilities. Difficult life situations and a constant struggle against various dangers strengthen a person’s body and soul making him/her courageous. Living conditions of people are different. Our environment, upbringing and social status are very important. This affiliation status determines a person’s occupation and the development of his/her abilities. In the natural state people’s lives are monotonous that’s why mental and physical differences between them can be insignificant. According to J.J. Rousseau, the natural state excludes domination, violence and oppression. C. L. de Montesquieu looks for the sources of social life in the human nature. Supporting the ideas of the theorists of natural law (Grotius and Spinoza, Locke and Hobbes), a French philosopher is convinced that in their original natural state people didn’t have the state (society) and realised the need for it only later. He disagrees with those supporters of natural law who consider the primitive life as a universal hostility and extermination of people. In his opinion, the natural state involves friendship, cooperation and peace.Item Сприйняття часу в інтернет-просторі(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Паньків, ОлесяРозглянуто Інтернет як певний соціокультурний простір, котрий радикально трансформує сприйняття простору та часу та призводить до зміни ціннісних та світоглядних орієнтацій людини. Сприйняття часу в інтернет-просторі охарактеризовано через такі особливості, як: пластичність, стиснення, “позачасовий час”, миттєвість, розтягнення, подовження. Визначено особливості просторово-часових змін в інтернет-мережі та їх вплив на умови функціонування та перетворення внутрішньої суті людини. Time as a form of existence involves the ideas about the transitional nature of all living objects and the human factor as the object and subject of time alteration. A person perceives and reflects time and simultaneously creates it in the process or his/her vital activity. The peculiarities of the current information society development, in particular the emergence of the Internet, require new methods, forms and approaches of time understanding. One of these approaches is a departure from a traditional way of time understanding as a universal characteristic of existence. The ideas of time “multiplicity” are getting more and more important. “Existential time experience” is one of the research methods of time perception. According to it, the time characteristics contradict the common properties of time including reversibility, relative “acceleration” or “deceleration” of the time process. In the virtual world there exist transitions from existence to non-existence because everything can start again and there are no points of “irreversibility”, time stopping and “dematerialisation” of space. If in reality time is irreversible and has one direction and the same speed, the subjective perception of the specific processes and phenomena of temporal changes varies depending on the nature of the process and the informational content of some systems. This phenomenon is especially obvious today when information is considered as the main activity of the society. The experimental investigations prove that those people, who experience positive emotions, underestimate the time intervals, in other words, the subjective time perception is quicker in comparison with the situation when people have negative emotions. The author inquires whether it is possible to speak about the existence of specific virtual time in this case or it is only a special form of subjective and psychological experience and a peculiar way of its formation. The estimation of the peculiarities and opportunities of the Internet is deemed to be a difficult task.Item До питання про співвідношення індивідуальної і колективної ідентичності: самоідентифікація індивіда як механізм соціальної пам’яті(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Мазур, ЛюбовНа основі історико-генетичного методу розкрито функціональний взаємозв’язок між самоідентифікацією індивіда і пам’яттю: фіксація суспільного досвіду та його трансформація в елементи індивідуального уможливлювалася і забезпечувалася шляхом розрізнення себе від іншого, що підвищувало значимість фактору новизни і взаєморозуміння у процесі комунікації. Оскільки пам’ять утримується взаємною самоідентифікацією з іншим, вона є соціальною за формою і змістом. Беручи до уваги ці моменти, автор вважає доцільним розрізняти стихійну самоідентифікацію індивіда на повсякденному рівні і становлення особистісної самоідентичності та формування колективних ідентичностей на основі рефлексії і відповідних практик. According to the author, one-sidedness of holistic and individualistic methodology in the interpretation of individual correlation and collective identity can be overcome by the grounds of the historical-genetic method that quite clearly reveals the functional relation between selfidentity and memory in the process of socialization of individual. Powerful factor in the growth of the working memory and the structure of the subjective world of man was differentiation and complexity of social communication and related languages. Coding of the external and subjective worlds with the abstract symbols made the world of inner feelings available for other people, forming a single mechanism of self-identification for individuals and the transformation of social experience into individual elements, what in its own way increased the importance of the novelty factor. Exactly on the edge with another in their mutual selfidentification there is a body of memory, which gives every feeling the definite quality of continuation in other. According to the author, since the memory by its form and content is social and separate individuals becomes its carriers, we can say that the division of the identity into individual and social ones, neither by its carrier nor by the performance level, has no grounds. On the other hand, the author considers it reasonable to distinguish between identity formation at the everyday life level, where the identity of the other occurs almost automatically at a subconscious level and between the identity over its limits, when the holiday, game, art, theater, sacral, etc., bring something new to life, give moments of flight - it broaden the existing boundaries, сhanging constant structures, causing reflection and making people work on themselves. A personal identity is the result of reflection and application of practices to themselves. As the sociability is given to a man itself, fully implicit and therefore not perceptible, as a result it cannot give any individual neither we-consciousness nor self-identity. Collective identity can be formed, provided that the community is recognized and consciously is supported. Its importance lies in the fact that it forms a canon which becomes a tool of identity individualization in the process of its socialization. Canon as a criterion for evaluation is the mediating link between “I am”-identity and collective identity.Item Соціально-антропологічні аспекти сучасної української філософії техніки(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Чурсінова, ОксанаСистематизовано соціально-антропологічні підходи, характерних для української філософії техніки. Підкреслюється роль етичних засад розвитку техніки, обґрунтовується необхідність введення моральних критеріїв до самої структури будь-якої технічної діяльності. In the article the author systematises the typical socio-anthropologic approaches of Ukrainian philosophy of technology. The development of technology in the modern world in general, and in Ukraine in particular, raises a number of questions of socio-anthropological character. These issues concern the human nature, the connection of the fundamental principles of social life with the natural environment, the sense of human life, the future of human culture and civilisation. In this context Ukrainian philosophers should consider the development of philosophy of technology as a factor of the self-awareness strengthening adequate to the current threats, a component of non-indifference common to all mankind, a sense of responsibility for the succeeding generations and for the future of the planet that is the only environment of human existence. The purpose of the article is to systematise the socio-anthropologic conceptions of the representatives of Ukrainian philosophy who investigate the technicalization processes in the modern world and try to identify the perspectives of the scientific and technological progress for the future of humanity. The socio-anthropologic aspects of the technological advancement are examined in the works of many native and foreign philosophers of technology. However, the study of this problem is incomplete though the influence of the technosphere on human life and society should be in the spotlight of philosophy of technology. The investigation of the anthropologic and social aspects of modern Ukrainian philosophy of technology shows that the majority of the Ukrainian philosophers use two approaches while solving the problems of the nature of technology and its sources. 1) Science and technology are not independent phenomena but they are rooted in the ontological foundations of human existence and society. 2) Technology and technosphere are relatively independent phenomena and they develop according to their own logic. The research proves that the first approach prevails. In spite of admitting the connection between the technical activity and human existence, the idea of the mismatch between the science and technology advancement and the real needs and values of the human being and society is widely spread among Ukrainian philosophers. Thereby, the representatives of modern Ukrainian philosophy of technology emphasize the need to bring moral criteria into the structure of any technical activity.Item Супранаціональне розширення громадянської солідарності як основа інклюзивного формування публічності (аналіз ідей Ю. Габермаса)(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Мамчак, СніжанаПроаналізовано теоретичний внесок Ю. Габермаса в дослідження проблеми інклюзивного формування публічності. Наголошено на практичній значущості соціально-філософської концепції німецького мислителя та її релевантності актуальним проблемам сучасності. На основі Габермасової ідеї світового громадянського суспільства розглянуто можливість утвердження спільного публічного простору шляхом консолідації вільних та рівних громадян. The article analyses the theoretical contribution of J. Habermas to the investigation of the inclusive formation of publicity. The supranational viewpoint, followed by J. Habermas, is important because the modern pluralistic world requires not only a national approach towards considering the existing social and political issues. A global worldview crisis, caused by the expansion of scientific and technical rationality, led to weakening of the regulatory mechanisms of society, resulting in increasing measure of social entropy. The development of the industrial society with its characteristic value-neutral type of behavior led to the destruction of the traditional forms of coexistence and caused human interference in the structure of natural and social ties. Therefore, the main task set before the international community is to consolidate people in their struggle for a decent future. The implementation of this purpose requires finding a common ideological foundation that makes the establishment of relations between diverse spiritual and material spheres of human activity possible. The current models of social and cultural diversity and pluralism of life forms prove the impossibility of integration processes on the basis of national unity. Challenges of the multicultural world encourage a more extended treatment of the community, based on the principle of civic solidarity. As a result, the concept of global civil society, developed by J. Habermas in his later works, is getting more and more relevant.Item Проблемність визначення свідомості та штучний інтелект(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Кадикало, АндрійРозглянуто деякі аспекти фундаментальної філософської проблеми свідомості та найбільше увагу звернуто на інформаційну концепцію. Звернено увагу на сучасні концепції, котрі пояснюють свідомість як біокомп’ютер, зокрема нейрофілософії та теорії торсійних полів та розкрито не лише можливу варіативність інтерпретації природи свідомості, але їх неоднозначність, а інколи й суперечливість. Наголошується, що проблема свідомості є не суто філософською проблемою, але у контексті моделювання штучного інтелекту й інженерною проблемою навіть за умов її точної, прикладної інтерпретації. Some aspects of the fundamental philosophical problem of consciousness are examined in the article. The greatest attention is paid to its informational concept. The study of the modern concepts explaining consciousness as biocomputer, in particular neuro-philosophy and torsion field theory, shows not only a possible variety of the interpretations of the nature of consciousness but also their ambiguity and sometimes contradiction. Following the example of human consciousness, the author addresses the problem of the artificial intelligence modelling and examines it through the lens of interdisciplinarity. The need to distinguish the concept of consciousness and the concept of natural intelligence is emphasized. The article highlights the main problems of the artificial intelligence modelling in the context of complex and polystructural human consciousness. A great attention is also paid to the problem of consciousness and outer reality interaction which is a mandatory precondition of any attempts to extrapolate natural consciousness to some forms of artificial intelligence. It is stressed that the problem of consciousness is not only a philosophical problem even in case of its correct and applied interpretation. In the context of the artificial intelligence modelling it appears to be an engineering problem as well. The problem of consciousness definition is not a separate problem and a matter of interdisciplinary research but it is a general science problem. Trying to understand the functioning principles of consciousness and its nature, philosophers, scientists and engineers have to take into consideration the interaction of subjective and objective realities, their extremely profound and at the same time scale structures. Some investigators believe that consciousness resembles a complex system that can be self-organized. According to this approach, consciousness is not always interpreted in system terms because unlike consciousness, the system is usually closed. Artificial intelligence can’t be simulated according to the example of the nature of consciousness until technology, in particular computer technology, reaches the level of self-organization. The potential of the computer and information technology development may cause new problems but nowadays the probability of this tendency has to be accepted with cautious skepticism.Item Проблематизація поняття істини в сучасній філософії(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Петрушенко, ВікторМетою статті є окреслити ті проблемні поля, через сукупність яких окреслюється розуміння істини сучасною філософією. Тут фігурують онтологія істини, зв'язок її з шарами дійсності, зі складовими пізнавального процесу. Доводиться, що аналітика істини має враховувати процесуальний характер істини, складну будову знання та виявлення ролі кожного його компонента в забезпеченні статусу істинності певного конкретного знання, системний характер тих форм, що мають забезпечити формування та функціонування знання. The purpose of the article is to identify a range of problems existing in modern philosophy of truth. The author makes an attempt to identify these problems and classify them according to some reasonable principles. First of all, he addresses the issue of the ontological status of truth, thinking to what sphere of reality truth can be referred, namely material reality (things themselves are true), the sphere of consciousness (truth is a special intellectual formation), the sphere mediating the connection between consciousness and reality (cognition, practice, experience, activity tools), the so-called “third reality” (Plato’s world of ideas or “the world of ideal substances” of K. Popper) or existential living of humans in the world (truth isn’t cognized, we live in it). Besides, the article discloses the reality layers with which truth is connected: the phenomenal world or its essential bases. Finally, the idea that truth is a procedural formation is justified. Truth as a process arises in its dynamic relation towards reality (true knowledge must change because reality itself changes) and the main components of knowledge. The most widespread concepts of truth are presented on the basis of its characteristic examination. The author supports the idea of the truth study through the analysis of the role of the knowledge components (sensory abilities, logical and structural components, notional knowledge components, symbolic forms of its real existence) in asserting its status. All these knowledge components have their true assessment and specific relation to the status of truth. The article explains why truth is often connected with logic and logical accuracy of knowledge.Item Сучасна людина у просторі віртуальної реальності: особливості соціально-культурної трансформації(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2014) Онищук, ОксанаРозглянуто особливості соціокультурної реальності глобалізованого світу. Окреслено базові чинники зміни соціокультурного простору. Виявлено основні аспекти у трансформації комунікативних, ціннісних та ідентифікаційних адаптаційних механізмів людини. Розкрито риси ескейпізму як однієї з форм самоідентифікації людини у віртуальному просторі. Зроблено наголос на особливостях ідентифікації у віртуальному просторі. The article examines the peculiarities of socio-cultural reality of the globalised world. The basic factors the socio-cultural space change are outlined. The principal transformation aspects of the communicative, value and identification human adaptation mechanisms are disclosed. The main characteristics of escapism as a form of human self-identity in cyberspace are revealed. The identification peculiarities in virtual space are highlighted. Globalisation is considered as a change factor of modern sociocultural space. The author concludes that cyberspace offers an alternative form of life that is more attractive than the objective world and creates new opportunities for escapism and psychological dependence. Virtual reality excludes the direct contact between individuals and technological interaction replaces dialogic communication. It causes distortion of the dialogue values, the loss of the sense of selfsufficiency of the subject of communication and the advancement of the rationality cultivation. In the information society a person becomes very pragmatic and traditional values lose or change their meanings that may have a negative impact on him/her. The Internet is a social environment based on new virtual communication space. One of the determinant features of global thinking is a desire to become part of the big world to go beyond one’s own subjective worldview. This is a kind of intellectual and psychological involvement in the global life processes. In the modern age a person’s worth is determined by flexible thinking and the ability to respond quickly to constant vicissitudes of time. Cultural identity is formed in the visual environment with the help of television, advertising, the Internet and the printing press. Nowadays visuality is an important factor in developing social practices, socialisation and coexistence with other people. Contemporary culture is visually presented and the viewer combines the functions of a spectatorconsumer and a tourist-flaneur.