Місце трансцендентного у класичній та некласичній теорії пізнання

Abstract

Досліджено проблему пізнання. Розкрито особливості класичного та некласичного підходів до розуміння пізнання, а також проаналізовано форми виявлення трансцендентного в контексті його розгляду. На основі проведеного аналізу робиться висновок про те, що в разі переходу від класичної до некласичної філософії трансцендентне втрачає статус вихідного чинника та форми фіксації і здійснення пізнавальних актів. Thearticle researches some issues of classical and non-classical approaches to understanding of cognition. The author examines perculiarities of classical and non-classical understanding of knowledge subject, cognition object and cognition process as a whole. In this contest displays of the transcendental were analyzed. The problem of transcendental is one of the most important in philosophical agenda. It determines main features of methodology and content of exclusively philosophical discourse. Attention to the problem of the transcendental from foreign philosophical community and its topicality brings up necessity of new investigations in the context of history of philosophy. Following this fact, the author has chosen such a sophisticated theme of the article. Analysing the process of the transcendental problem (both its classical and non-classical explorations), the author of the article discovered major appearing forms of transcendental in the history of philosophy and philosophy in general. Scientific innovation may be seen in breeding major models of the transcendental (derived from classical and non-classical philosophy): ontological model, epistemological, ontoepistemological, and subjectivist understanding of the transcendental as separate acts of human consciousness. Upon results of the research the author of the article has come to a conclusion, that, on its way from classical to nonclassical philosophy, the transcendental loses ontological and substantial status and appears in separate acts of our human consciousness (without this we cannot contact reality). From this point of view, we observe regular process caused by tendencies of non-classical and especially present-day philosophy, which declines any objective and substantial absolute. This article makes a few steps to understanding of place and status of transcendental in present-day philosophy. It brings about questions of the absolute and the ideal, necessity of metaphysics in general. These issues require deep analysis and offer wide range of perspectives for further research.