Формування міського культурного ландшафту (на прикладі міст Західної України на зламі ХХ–ХХІ ст.)

Abstract

Описано основні етапи формування міського культурного ландшафту міст західноукраїнського регіону впродовж другої половини ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. Впродовж цього періоду можна виділити три характерні періоди, пов’язані із загальними напрямками розвитку архітектури і містобудування: І – 1945–1955, освоєння класичної спадщини у містобудуванні і архітектурі; ІІ – 1956–1990, спрощення містобудівних і архітектурних форм, вузькоутилітарне розуміння ландшафту; ІІІ – 1991 – початок ХХІ ст., плюралізм просторових форм, ущільнення забудови, зменшення природних просторів у містах. Time factor is associated with the formation of the urban landscape. Also it is directed not only to the past but to the future, because the prospect of development should always be taken into consideration in today's decision making process. Aesthetics of urban space clearly reflects the current state of the overall economic development of the city, and in a more general sense of the country as a whole. Formation of the urban cultural landscape in towns of the western region of Ukraine during the second half of ХХ century and at the beginning ofХХІcentury was in line with general trends of architecture and urban planning in Ukraine. During the above mentioned period there were three characteristic periods related to the general trends of architecture and urban planning: 1 – 1945–1955, the development of the classical heritage in urban planning and architecture. In the post-war decade in Soviet architecture there was the defining aspiration to create a complete urban ensembles in classicforms, where the organic component of such ensembles were natural spaces – green areas and elements of water. In Ternopil, Lutsk, Rivne post-war reconstruction and rehabilitat on, taking into account existing spatial situation, led to the formation of new city landscape, which was close to the historical one, especially in the centers of these cities. Instead, in Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Uzhhorod, Chernivtsithe existing cultural heritage led to the preservation of historical urban landscape. 2 – 1956–1990, simplification of urban and architectural forms, narrowly utilitarian understanding of the landscape. This period is characterized by large volumes of industrial and multi-residential building in all regional centers of the Western region. There was a kind of division of the urban landscape into two components in large cities: a –landscape of historic center with architecture and landscape monuments; b – new industrial landscape areas and mass-rise residential buildings. This situation was in Lviv, Ivano- Frankivsk, Lutsk, Rivne, Ternopil, Uzhgorod, Chernivtsi, Drohobych. In some small towns historic urban landscapes have been supplemented with new objects, as was in Gorodok, Zolochiv, Mostys'ka, Sambir, Sokal, Hust.Instead in other towns historic landscapes have been affected by new small-scale buildings, for example in Busk, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Galych, Brody, Ostroh, Radekhiv, Rava-Ruska, Skole. 3 – 1991 – the beginning of XXI century, pluralism of spatial forms, urban compaction, reducing of natural areas in towns. Changes the political system and the introduction of market relations in the economy of Ukraine led to radical changes in urban planning. The state and local authorities as a whole were not ready to harmonize the general public interests with those of many private investors. This led to chaotic different-story building, distortions of cultural urban landscape in many cities in the region and a noticeable reduction of green areas of common use. Apart these features the role of the elements of advertises and urban design has significantly increased in the urban landscape.