Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації. – 2013. – №766
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/23156
Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка"
У віснику відображено результати досліджень з теорії і проектування радіо-електронних кіл та пристроїв, антен і пристроїв НВЧ-діапазону, систем телекомунікації та інформаційних мереж, а також математичного моделювання та конструювання радіо-електронних схем і радіоапаратури. Для наукових працівників, інженерів та студентів старших курсів, фахівців з радіотехніки, інформаційних технологій та телекомунікаційних систем, матеріалознавства, інформатики, вимірювання і контролю якості.
Вісник Національного університету «Львівська політехніка» : [збірник наукових праць] / Міністерство освіти і науки України, Національний університет «Львівська політехніка» – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013. – № 766 : Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації / відповідальний редактор Б. А. Мандзій. – 212 с. : іл.
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Item Модель превентивного обмеження швидкості передачі низхідного каналу зв’язку технології WIMAX в умовах перевантажень(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Лемешко, О. В.; Гаркуша, С. В.To meet the put forward contradictory technical and economic demands to the structure of transmission networks it is necessary to use multi-criteria optimization methods when planning them. During our planning of a transmission network we design such a topology that has to provide high quality and sufficient reserve capacity at least costs. In practice it means that the designer must balance three transmission network quality factors, which characterize the cost, the quality and the capacity. In this paper we are going to discuss mostly the features of performing the nominal stage of the transmission network planning with the aid of multi-criteria optimization methods. We substantiate our choice of the set of quality factors which can be used to find the optimal topology of a transmission network with respect to them. The optimization procedure includes the next steps: 1) forming a set of valid network topology variants; 2) extracting from the obtained set the Pareto-optimal variants followed by selection of a single variant. The main method to protect against unavailability factor increase is to build a ring topology. However this strategy requires the use of additional equipment and trunks which will lead to a considerable increase in the cost of our network. The cost of the network should be calculated in accordance with the required number of connections and of cross-connectors. That is why it is advisable to carry out the optimization of a mobile communications transmission network with respect to these two conflicting parameters, namely, unavailability factor and cost. Analysis of stages and tasks of mobile communication transmission networks has been done. Initial data, technical characteristics and quality factors that are taken into account during transmission networks planning have been determined. A feature of such networks is that their quality factors are not only related and contradictory to each other, but the values of them depend on the selected specific network topology. That is why to select optimal topologies of a transmission network taking into account the set of quality factors we have to use general provisions of multi-criteria optimization. The paper presents results of solution to the problem of discrete choice of transmission network optimal topologies. The choice takes into account the set of quality factors, namely, unavailability factor and network cost. The set of valid topologies is constructed. The values of contradictory quality factors are estimated and the subset of Paretooptimal variants of network topology over the criterion space of estimates of quality factors is found. By using the conditional preference criterion we extracted a single variant of transmission network topology from the Pareto subset. Рассмотрены особенности оптимизации транспортной сети и приведены результаты решения задачи выбора оптимальной топологии транспортной сети с учетом совокупности показателей качества на основе методов многокритериальной оптимизации.Item Выбор оптимальной топологии транспортной сети мобильной связи с учетом противоречивых показателей качества(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Чеботарёва, Д. В.To meet the put forward contradictory technical and economic demands to the structure of transmission networks it is necessary to use multi-criteria optimization methods when planning them. During our planning of a transmission network we design such a topology that has to provide high quality and sufficient reserve capacity at least costs. In practice it means that the designer must balance three transmission network quality factors, which characterize the cost, the quality and the capacity. In this paper we are going to discuss mostly the features of performing the nominal stage of the transmission network planning with the aid of multi-criteria optimization methods. We substantiate our choice of the set of quality factors which can be used to find the optimal topology of a transmission network with respect to them. The optimization procedure includes the next steps: 1) forming a set of valid network topology variants; 2) extracting from the obtained set the Pareto-optimal variants followed by selection of a single variant. The main method to protect against unavailability factor increase is to build a ring topology. However this strategy requires the use of additional equipment and trunks which will lead to a considerable increase in the cost of our network. The cost of the network should be calculated in accordance with the required number of connections and of cross-connectors. That is why it is advisable to carry out the optimization of a mobile communications transmission network with respect to these two conflicting parameters, namely, unavailability factor and cost. Analysis of stages and tasks of mobile communication transmission networks has been done. Initial data, technical characteristics and quality factors that are taken into account during transmission networks planning have been determined. A feature of such networks is that their quality factors are not only related and contradictory to each other, but the values of them depend on the selected specific network topology. That is why to select optimal topologies of a transmission network taking into account the set of quality factors we have to use general provisions of multi-criteria optimization. The paper presents results of solution to the problem of discrete choice of transmission network optimal topologies. The choice takes into account the set of quality factors, namely, unavailability factor and network cost. The set of valid topologies is constructed. The values of contradictory quality factors are estimated and the subset of Paretooptimal variants of network topology over the criterion space of estimates of quality factors is found. By using the conditional preference criterion we extracted a single variant of transmission network topology from the Pareto subset. Рассмотрены особенности оптимизации транспортной сети и приведены результаты решения задачи выбора оптимальной топологии транспортной сети с учетом совокупности показателей качества на основе методов многокритериальной оптимизации.Item Оптимізація АЧХ пристрою звуковідтворення при дії акустичних завад(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Кіселичник, М. Д.; Мелень, М. В.; Павлов, Ф. Б.The state standard for audio frequency amplifiers (LFA) requires the uniform amplitude-frequency characteristic (AFC) in the frequency range from 40 Hz to 18 kHz. But the test of high quality amplifiers on motor vehicles have shown that for the same output power verbal intelligibility is worse obtained than with simpler devices. This is because the that the main energy spectrum of speech is concentrated at frequencies up to 1 kHz, but at these frequencies it almost does not contain the information component, and in addition, is masked acoustic by noise which in most cases also dominates at low frequencies. Therefore, the main task of designing an amplifier that is intended for transmitting voice information, is reduced to the synthesis of optimal AFC by the criterion of maximum intelligibility of verbal message under conditions of acoustic noise. For a given full power of signal with a normal amplitude distribution and normal noise ratio with a specified energy spectrum the maximum speed of information transmission is provided for such energy spectrum of signal which having been added to the spectrum of the noise will ensure the constancy of this amount and its frequency independence, that has been clearly shown in the information theory. However, unlike the task discussed in information theory, the linguistic message is not noise-like. It is known that straight-articulation frequency bands, that frequency bands of the energy spectrum speech messages that equally influence on its intelligibility, differ significantly for width and increases with increasing a frequency. For this reason we introduced the concept of shown unit of bandwidth, also the energy spectrum of speech has been shown. In new terms of the criterion of maximum intelligibility of speech massage matches the criterion of maximum information speed transfer in the channels with noise-like signals and normal noise, that has allowed to find the optimal AFC of tract transmission coefficient – microphone – amplifier – speaker heads. Theoretical calculations have been found implementation in the development of transport loudspeaker device. Articulatory tests on the bus, which was carried out using tables of Ukrainian language, confirmed that the optimal AFC with downturn in the LF region with the steepness no less than 12 dB per octave makes it possible to increase verbal intelligibility of speech from 81 to 89%, or at the same intelligibility reduce output amplifier power to 3 times. The designed procedure of frequency dependence of the optimal tract sound transmission coefficient is suitable for any voice information transmission devices with limited average power under conditions of acoustic noise. Для випадку обмеженої вихідної потужності підсилювача низької частоти та в умовах дії акустичних шумів синтезована оптимальна амплітудно-частотна характеристика звукового тракту за критерієм максимальної розбірливості мовного повідомлення. Вводяться поняття про приведену одиницю смуги пропускання та приведений енергетичний спектр мови. У нових одиницях критерій максимальної розбірливості мовного повідомлення збігається з відомим критерієм максимальної швидкості передавання інформації в каналах із шумоподібним сигналом і нормальною завадою. На основі проведених розрахунків розроблено підсилювач низької частоти, призначений для використання в салоні автотранспортного засобу. Застосування в ньому запропонованої амплітудно-частотної характеристики дало змогу підвищити словесну розбірливість мови від 81 до 89% або зменшити вихідну потужність підсилювача втричі.Item Алгоритми маршрутизації та якість обслуговування повідомлень мультисервісної мережі зв'язку(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Ложковський, А. Г.; Куліш, Є. Б.; Гордієнко, В. Ю.This paper considers the options for combining routing algorithms in a single method for multiservice communication networks. For a comparative analysis of the quality of service communications multiservice communication network for various routing algorithms used the following input data: the dependence of the average number of packets from the input load of packages, the dependence of the average number of packets from the load generated by switched virtual circuits, the distribution function of packet service time in switching center, the average time and the distribution of packet delivery time given structure, the probability of loss applications for switching channels in a given network structure, bandwidth efficiency of edges, the number of computational operations to perform a rebuild operation, the total number of calculations required for the network operation of the algorithm routing over the period of observation. The first group of these results concerning the estimates of the number of packages in the middle of switching enabled the initial redistribution capacity of edges in the design of multiservice networks. The growth of the number of packets in the system depending on the crossing burden created by applications for switching virtual circuits or packet, in addition, defines the limit load value for a given quality of service. In this sense, the obvious advantages of systems with movable boundary between the regions of a frame allocated to applications for circuit switching and packet switching, as well as the use of digital speech interpolation. The second group of results can find applications of dynamic adaptive routing in comparison with the optimal streaming routing. Number of computational operations identified by analyzing all stages of computing routing algorithm and characterized using spent on the process of iteration time. For comparison, the order of evaluation examined the number of calculations for adaptive dynamic routing in the formation of routing matrix method for the relief packages and Probabilistic gaming applications for switching virtual circuits. Cited simulation results, the number and computation time for performing the process of forming a single optimal route routing several orders of magnitude greater than the formation routes for adaptive dynamic routing. This has been the case for selective formation of block matrices for applications for switching virtual circuits and applications for the packet, and the formation of block matrices with given redistribute bandwidth links between different types of traffic at the expense of moving the border between the regions of the frame. The numerical value of transaction routing methods and compared their performance time indicates that the optimal streaming algorithm that monitors bandwidth usage ribs and entire network as a whole rational use for long time periods between adjustments to the operation of his background adaptive dynamic routing. The time value adjustment and quality of service required characteristics should be taken into account in a comprehensive route selection criteria. Розглянуто можливі варіанти комплексування алгоритмів маршрутизації в межах єдиного методу для мультисервісної мережі зв’язку та здійснений порівняльний аналіз якості обслуговування повідомлень для різних алгоритмів маршрутизації.Item Мікросмужковий фільтр з щілинними резонаторами в екрануючому шарі(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Крижановський, В. Г.The development of contemporary SHF systems calls for a broad nomenclature of frequency-selective devices, band-pass filters in particular. One of the possible directions of filter design is the usage of electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG) structures, which can be implemented in the form of certain slots in a microstrip line’s ground plane. It was previously proposed to use these structures as parts of output matching networks of high-efficiency SHF amplifiers built according to harmonic-manipulation approach. The use of the mentioned structures would be more effective if they themselves could perform as matching network. By utilizing the results of theoretical and experimental research of harmonic filters built on microstrip line’s ground plane slots, let’s consider design of networks that are capable of performing other relevant function in addition to that of band-reject filters. The goal of the current work is to investigate the possibility of application of the microstrip line’s ground plane slot resonators (band-reject filters) to the design of band-pass filters. This research can also contribute to the design of such output matching networks of SHF amplifiers that must simultaneously perform the tasks of harmonics filtering and impedance matching on the fundamental frequency of amplifier’s operation. In order to achieve this task a band-pass filter was proposed and studied theoretically and experimentally. The filter includes two sections of band-reject filters, each section consisting of two slot resonator located in microstrip line’s ground plane, while the line section with slots at the same time works as a part of three-section band-pass filter. Each slot resonator can be represented as a parallel resonant circuit connected serially into the transmission line. Parameters of the parallel resonant circuit are calculated from the known resonant frequency of the slot resonator and wave impedance of the slot line. The characteristics of the filter were calculated with the aid of ABCD matrices. The matrices represented every slot, line sections between the slots and variation of the line’s characteristic impedance (the width of microstrip line). The results of calculation were compared with results of electromagnetic simulation and experimental study of the filter test sample. The considered filter was found to have characteristics similar to that of a filter built on half-wave resonators, but the signal suppression in the upper pass-band was much higher compared with situation when only a step-like variation of characteristic impedance was used in the filter. Herewith the overall length of the filter with slot resonators was not higher than that of the prototype. Using a test sample of the three-section filter manufactured on Rogers 3010 material with thickness 0.635 mm and nominal relative permittivity e =10.2 the signal suppression in 2.0–3.6 GHz band was measured to be within the range of 0.1 to 3 dB, while in 4.6–6 GHz band the signal suppression was found to be more than 20 dB. Розглянуто конструкцію смугопропускаючого фільтра з використанням щілинних резонаторів в екрануючому шарі мікросмужкової лінії. За допомогою підходів довгих ліній та електродинамічних методів проведено моделювання фільтра та експериментально досліджено макет фільтра.Item Динаміка формування пульсових сигналів дистальних відділів променевих артерій(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Сторчун, Є. В.; Климух, А. Р.In last time new methods and hardware-software system, which combine eastern medicine traditions and western technologies are commonly used in diagnostic practice. Pulse diagnostics is one of the ancient methods for disease state identification. For diagnostic purposes different kind of arteries zones can be observed, but most popular is pulse diagnostics of wrist joints radial arteries. It is based on recording of signal from three zones, lied closely along the radial arteries of left and right hands. For the purpose of pulse diagnostics special kinds of sensing devices are used. Preliminary model with schema included acoustic impedances of artery part, soft tissues of registration zone and sensing device was proposed. In this model was assumed, that sensor occlusion force distributed between the model elements and other object structures is constant. Acoustic impedances of artery part and soft tissues were modeled by elastic component taking into consideration pulse signals spectrum. In this work modeling and experimental results of pulse signal forming by distal zone of radial artery depending on sensor occlusion force were presented. Artery stiffness was defined from the curve showing dependency between the transmural pressure and the relative change of artery volume. Stiffness evaluation results were approximated by second order polynom relative to force conformed to diastolic pressure of patient. Experimental verification of new model for vessels with small tensibility was carried out. Data were obtained for artery zone length 5 mm and pulse pressure mmHg. Artery stiffness polynomial model took into consideration fraction of occlusion force fitted the artery and soft tissues .Initial data for modeling were diastolic and pulse pressure of patient, artery diameter and length, and coefficient defining the increment of soft tissues impedance component depending on occlusive force. All dependencies were evaluated for each patient in dependency of arterial blood pressure, artery diameter and elastic response. During the simulation study artery diameter was changed in range (1,9 – 3,8) mm in compliance with measuring results obtained by another authors. Length of artery registration zone was changed until the matching of computation and experimental results. Experiment was done using the device with piezoelectric and tensoresistive sensors joined mechanical sequentially. Investigations for pulse signals from seven zones accordingly to eastern medicine canons were done for 4 patients in age 18-25 years old. Their results showed the adequacy of calculated meanings of pulse signal for different artery zone length in range of small values of occlusion forces. This fact can be explained by model affixment to the object exactly in this range. It can be suggested, that there is no interference of different zones during the pulse signal forming, when occlusive forces of sensors have value from range 0 – 2.0 N. In case of higher occlusive force values deformation of artery is starting. Consequences of deformation are that the elastic properties and pulse wave propagation process are changing. In such conditions process of pulse signal forming could not be described by elaborated model. Наведено результати моделювання та експериментальних досліджень динаміки формування пульсових сигналів дистальних відділів променевих артерій людини залежно від сили притискання перетворювача до зон їх реєстрації.Item Дисперсійне рівняння для визначення модового спектру хвиль у відкритих багатошарових циліндричних діелектричних хвилеводах(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Павликевич, М. Й.Paper depicts that one of the main challenges in wireless networks WiMAX is the task of ensuring the required service quality, which involves the separation of user stations network of guaranteed rate in the downlink. Providing guaranteed transmission rate in the WiMAX technology can be achieved by solving bandwidth allocation downlink. Therefore, existing approaches to analyze the distribution of bandwidth downlink wireless WiMAX technology whereby determined that they use the principle of Best Effort. The quality of service is not guaranteed, and between user stations distributed all of the available bandwidth. The result is a mathematical model, the novelty of which is the possibility of pre-emptive rate limiting, a dedicated service flows user stations in the downlink WiMAX technology by using a linearquadratic objective function that organizes the fair management of requests based on the relative priorities. In the course of solving the problem of scheduling data packets for transmission service flows of all user stations in the downlink of the proposed model it is necessary to perform a number of important constraint equations: the condition securing a sub-channel for the transmission of one slot for no more than one user station, the condition of adopting a one user station the number of slots, providing the required transmission rate used by the system modulation and coding, the condition of formation of a single packet of data for each user station, the condition of the formation of the packages “rectangular”, terms and conditions for the required number of slots for the transmission of official information. The model proposed is directed to the allocation of each user station guaranteed bit rate in the absence of overload downlink as well as the preventive rate limiting allocated for user station overload conditions. Furthermore the proposed mathematical model addresses the problem of distribution slots between data packets as problems balancing the available bandwidth of WiMAX downlink channel for transmitting payload towards subscriber stations, taking account of the form of modulation and coding. As a result, decision analysis found that the service requests from the service flows user stations is realized on the basis of so-called absolute priority. Thus, in the case where the programming service flow requests from subscriber stations exceed bandwidth downlink preventive restriction mostly experienced service request from a low priority flow. Request transmission rate of the service stream with a higher priority on preventive ogrnaichenie rate experienced in a lesser degree. When using a linear objective function restriction preventive tests first service request from a low priority flow until the complete denial of access. When using a linear-quadratic objective function in the case of overload failures relate to maintain all service flows with high priority to a lesser extent, and in higher concentrations - low priority. Запропоновано математичну модель розподілу пропускної здатності низхідного каналу зв’язку технології WiMAX. Новизна запропонованої моделі полягає в можливості превентивного обмеження швидкості передачі, виділеної сервісним потокам користувацьких станцій в низхідному каналі зв’язку технології WiMAX шляхом використання лінійно-квадратичної цільової функції, організуючою справедливе управління запитами на основі відносних пріоритетів. Запропонована модель спрямована на виділення кожній користувацькій станції гарантованої швидкості передачі в умовах відсутності перевантаження низхідного каналу зв’язку, а також на превентивне обмеження швидкості передачі, виділеної для користувацької станції в умовах перевантаження. Проаналізовано вплив пріоритетів запитів швидкості передачі, що використовуються в моделі, на характер можливих відмов.Item Особливості визначення чутливості лінійних параметричних кіл у частотній області(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Шаповалов, Ю. І.In software which are dedicated for the design of electronic circuits with constant parameters is widely used function of sensitivity, which allows you to focused solve the tasks of multivariate analysis and optimization of such circuits. The function of sensitivity of linear parametric circuits not used widely because there was no reliable methods of symbolic computation of parametric transfer functions. We proposed such method (frequency symbol method [3]), so, filling the existing gap in article discusses the possibility of forming functions of sensitivity of linear parametric circuits and is given account the peculiarities of their determination. For a basis of definition the concept of sensitivity of linear parametric circuit was taken definition of the concept of sensitivity of linear circuits with constant parameters. This feature of sensitivity of linear parametric circuit which consists in the fact that this sensitivity: a) is a function of two variables – complex variable and time; b) by the frequency symbolic method is determined based on approximated parametric transfer functions. It is shown that, typically, the sensitivity of parametric linear circuit varies periodically in time with period T, which is chosen in presentation the transfer function by trigonometric polynomial of Fourier. It was emphasized that the sensitivity of some parameters of parametric circuit in time can grow infinitely. This applies to the parameters that define the period T. We considered the example of elementary parametric linear circle, consisting of a single parametric capacity. The example illustrates the change the different functions of sensitivity of such circuit in time. It is shown that at sufficient accuracy of approximation of parametric transfer function by trigonometric polynomial of Fourier, derivatives on parameters of elements of circuit obtained from approximated parametric transfer functions enough to accurately reproduce derivatives on parameters of elements of circuit the original parametric transfer functions and, therefore, can be used to form the functions of sensitivity, as well as in solution of tasks multivariate analysis and optimization of linear parametric circuits. This conclusion shows a perspective application of frequency symbolic method to the mentioned problems. For illustration of material relating to the correctness of the definition of derivatives of parametric transfer functions on parameters of elements of parametric circuit is selected single-circuit parametric amplifier, in oscillatory contour, which the capacity varies with a period T. It is shown when the number of harmonic components in the approximated parametric transfer function k³ 4 then results in the calculation of the derivative of this function on the parameter does not change. Therefore, the value of derivatives that were obtained when k=4 were taken as a basis in these calculations. Obviously, the calculation for the selected k<4 will be inaccurate, and if k>4 it takes unjustified big time. It is shown the dependence the sensitivity of module of transfer coefficient of the input current to the output voltage from the depth of modulation of parametric capacity and time. Розглянуто особливості визначення чутливості лінійних параметричних кіл за апроксимації передавальних функцій тригонометричними поліномами Фур’є.Item Життя, сповнене багатогранною працею: до 80-річчя від дня народження відповідального редактора Вісника "Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації" д-ра техн. наук, проф. Б. А. Мандзія(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Прудиус, ІванItem Моделювання криволінійних ниткоподібних структур у хвилеводах(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Захарія, Й. А.Well known current filament modeling method is frequently for electrodynamic structures analysis in free space and in waveguide used. In both cases the electrodynamic analyse principles are the same. The current filament method is often for analysis of closed waveguide exciter, or analogous passive elements in waveguide used. For sufficient small area of closed filament structure and corresponding great field point distance in analysis the dipole model is valid. The form of structure contour is then not essential. Therefore the codition of structure momentum (electrical or magnetic) we use an polygonal modeling. The contour of filament closed structure may be analytically described. But often the contour form is arbitrary and can not be mathematical expressed. In last case it is possible the considered in this paper polygonal modeling to apply. For example in the paper the magnetic current is taken. Such example is useful in analysis of waveguide aperture exciting. It is known, that necessary Green functions are by form of waveguide cross section defined, and usually given by infinite series. The known modified Green functions often are particularly simplified. Therefore we are forced the numerical analysis method to apply. But necessary analytical expressions we must get by electrodynamic mehods. The coresponding formulas for lineare coordinate sections of polygonal model contour are the simplest. The sloped sections of filament current model in general radiate three vector-potential components. Correspondingly, the field analysis is more complicated. It is possible to use the analogous analytical method without modeling, if filament structure contour can be mathematically expressed. Algorithm for analytical expressions in last case coincide with algorithm for sloped lineare section of magnetic current filament given in the paper But mathematical difficulties can cause, that it is impossible analytically to realize. Then we may the polygonal modeling to apply. The algorithm for analytical expressions of radiated by magnetic current electrical field tension is also given in the paper. Use the circular filament coil with magnetic current for numerical example, the comparison of radiated by various coil polygonal model field tension, is realized in this work. It is established, that in the near zone of coil area the radiated electrical field for N=4 and N=12 is practical the same. A little difference has an order of tenth part from one per cent. We should to remind, that in the quadratic model (N=4) the sloped filament sections absent, and the calculations are simplified. In order to detect of the named above differences, the electrical field is in separate points of a current coil circle radius calculated. So it is found, that only near of quadratic model current filament the result difference icrease to one percent. Such almost on ¾ of quadratic model area the accuracy of modeling is high. In the paper is an information about simplified modeling of sloped current filament section in waveguide by his coordinate projections given. However the difference of calculated results relative to quadratic modeling increase to three percent. Пропонуємо здійснювати аналіз криволінійних ниткоподібних структур у хвилеводах аналітичним методом або за допомогою багатокутникових моделей структури. Тоді аналітично описуються лінійні аспекти моделі. На основі прикладу моделювання колового витка магнітного струму у хвилеводі встановлено, що з незначною похибкою можна використовувати квадратну модель.Item Моделі та алгоритми підвищення ефективності комутації інформаційних потоків у повністю оптичних телекомунікаційних системах(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Корецький, О. В.; Думич, С. С.Modern optical networks still in development to AON (All-Optical Networks). The main goal of all related works is providing the state-of-the-art optical switching techniques, designing of new solutions and applications. The first stage in this development was circuitswitched optical networks. In those types of networks the incoming request would dropped in case of channel blocking. Another case – packed-switched optical networks. In those networks, the data flows divided onto many independent packets. Nowadays, this technique is the most famous. The main advantage of this technique is possibilities of queues. In case of channel blocking, the packet stills in buffer, until it will sent or dropped. The next generation of optical switching is Optical Burst Switching technology. Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising solution for all-optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks. It offers to some extent the flexibility and efficient bandwidth usage of optical packet switching networks, while taking into account the limitations of the current all-optical technology. For this reason, it could seen as an intermediate technique between all-optical wavelength routing networks and optical packet switching networks. The OBS technology allows satisfying requirements of IPoDWDM conceptions, because of full compatibility with IP/Ethernet networks. The ingress edge node assembles incoming packets from the client terminals into bursts. The assembled bursts transmitted all-optically over OBS core routers, without any storage at intermediate nodes within the core. The signaling scheme in an optical burst-switched network is typically implemented using out-of-band burst header packets. In an out-of-band signaling scheme, the header associated with a burst transmitting on a different wavelength from the burst itself. The out-of-band header packet travels along the same route as the burst, informing each node along the route to configure its optical cross connect to open the necessary virtual channel for transmitting the burst with variable size. The mathematical model of the core node in the network with switching units, which describes the sequence of signaling packet processing, proposed in this paper. This model based on the matrix calculation, and able to implement on field programmable gate arrays. Furthermore, the model of IP-packet aggregation in the ingress node network that takes into account probability distribution of IP-traffic proposed. Simulation results determined that proposed algorithm 10 times reduces the IP-packet losses, providing the same bandwidth. We provide the simulation of optical burst switching network for different signaling schemes. Our experiment shows that the INI scheme is more flexible, and able to reconfiguration in dependence of traffic requirements. INI is able to combine advantages of both JET and TAW schemes. Using the INI signaling technique allows to increase the efficiency of wavelength routed networks taking into account properties of traffic. Розроблено математичну модель функціонування проміжного вузла в мережі з комутацією блоків, яка описує послідовність оброблення сигналізаційного пакета. Ця модель адаптована під матричні обчислення, що дає змогу реалізувати її на основі програмованих логічних інтегральних схем. Крім того, запропоновано модель агрегації IP-пакетів у крайовому вузлі мережі, яка враховує ймовірнісний розподіл IP-трафіку, та дозволяє оцінити ймовірнісні характеристики блоків. В результаті моделювання було визначено, що при Пуассонівському розподілі вхідного IP-трафіку, розподіл розмірів блоків прямує до Гауссівського, за умови достатньої кількості пакетів у блоці. Запропонований алгоритм формування дозволяє знизити втрати IP-пакетів у 10 разів, при збереженні пропускної здатності каналу.Item Точність визначення параметрів двох динамічних мікрооб'єктів за допомогою телевізійного сканувального оптичного мікроскопа(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Шклярський, В. І.; Матієшин, Ю. М.; Баланюк, Ю. В.; Гудзь, Б. В.At the present stage of technological development there are more problems associated with micro- and nanotechnology. Among such problems occupy an important place task analysis of dynamic processes and several dynamic microobjects (MO) parameters simultaneously in view of the microscope in different fields (medicine, microbiology, ecology, microelectronics etc.). Identification number of dynamic parameters (for example, mobility) of some living cells and their components occurs mainly by using optical microscopy methods. To determine the mobility is most often used in two ways: 1) the method of fluorescence microphotographs analysis; 2) the method of quantitative fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy. Using these methods were quantitatively and qualitatively describes the process of intracellular transport, particularly cytoplasm-nuclear, kinetic accumulation in the nucleus of cells of different types of proteins, localization of drugs aimed at developing ways to intracellular delivery of anticancer drugs. To solve these and many such important tasks in the fields of medicine and microbiology can be successfully used television scanning optical microscope (TSOM) based on cathode ray tubes ultrahigh resolution, as provided in this scan resolution up to 0.1 ... 0.2 micron. This article contains analysis of the capabilities of this microscope in the case of the simultaneous study of several MO, which are move randomly - with variable speed and direction of motion. The basic principles of TSOM work in determining the dynamic parameters of separate MO and averaged parameters of several MO are submitted. Track each individual MO occurs by the use of scan mode of miniraster, the center of which the current frame is formed with coordinates that correspond to coordinates of the center of the MO in the previous frame scan. Interval of definition of coordinate position of each MO in sight of TSOM corresponds to the duration of one frame scanning at a constant speed scanning. Dimensions of the scanning raster should be reduced to the values 1...10% of the full-scale raster, while receiving miniraster. However, a scan should be used for MO of proportionate size with minimal scanning spot that move randomly at high speed. Among the MO for which the use of the scanning mode is not appropriate, you can select one or several MO simultaneously with large size (5...40 % of the full-scale raster in the plane of study). For such MO should be used only scanning with a full-scale square raster. Based on these considerations, we construct a mathematical model of the scanning process and analyze the significance of dynamic parameters which can be determined by TSOM using scan mode with a full-scale raster and tracking eachMO by miniraster. Розглядаються питання використання телевізійного сканувального оптичного мікроскопа для визначення різних параметрів динамічних мікрооб’єктів, які перебувають у групі, із застосуванням режимів сканування повноформатним растром та слідкування за кожним окремим мікрооб’єктом за допомогою сканувального мінірастра. Наведені принципи роботи мікроскопа, що забезпечують визначення параметрів як окремих динамічних мікрооб’єктів, так і групи загалом.Item Дослідження і моделювання механізмів формування та обслуговування черг у мережевих пристроях(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Кирик, М. І.; Плесканка, Н. М.; Кожуров, Д. В.The investigation has covered buffer resource and queue management as main and the most important network traffic parameter and access control and overload mechanism. Network devices interaction model can performed by three levels: - physical layer; - protocols layer; - queues consolidating two previous levels. The basic mechanisms of processing queues have been examined. The rules, that packages in queue are processed according to, are called queues management algorithms. The requirements for processing queues mechanisms have been defined. The formation and processing network queues analysis and modeling mechanisms have been presented. After reading the main points of the mechanisms of formation and queuing, simulation model of queuing in multiservice network using data prioritization has been developed. The model has been implemented in a Matlab software environment. The number of packages in the buffer has been calculated according to Norros formula. Every algorithm evaluation creterion is the ability to best quality service for each service providing the best parameters QoS. Simulation results comparative analysis has been carried out. For more detailed analysis of the service parameters quality, the results of different types algorithms for multiservice network are resented. QoS parameters, such as the probability of packet loss, delay and jitter, were determined for different flows with appropriate algorithm. It was determined that the FIFO algorithm is unacceptable for service data. PQ algorithm was designed to process high priority flows. The best simulations results showed WFQ algorithm, which can satisfy acceptable service quality according to all parameters. The presented model makes it possible to choose the optimal queues algorithms for different services. This approach can be used on design stage, and also on increasing the network efficiency stage. Наведено мережеву модель взаємодії між вузлами обслуговування. Проведено огляд основних механізмів обробки черг. Детальніше розглянуто алгоритм зважених черг, що настроюються. Подано імітаційну модель роботи різних алгоритмів формування та обслуговування черг. Проведено порівняльний аналіз результатів моделювання.Item Методи оптимізації фізичної та логічної структур телекомунікаційних мереж(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Бугиль, Б. А.; Лаврів, О. А.; Бешлей, М. І.; Червенець, В. В.The article deals with reasons why the planned network resource is not used completely. The main attention is paid to the dynamic routing protocol, which does not consider the current load of local network segments according to the principle of its functioning. In the paper local segments loading considers with existence of a constant flow to reduce the computational complexity of the proposed method. The method is proposed in the work to maximize the use of network resources and resource allocation improving based on alternative routes variation through less loaded local segment. The proposed method implemented as a simulation model in Matlab. It allows making decision on routes variation based on introduced efficiency index for resource allocation. The article shows results of two experiments on the proposed method to determine its adequacy. The task of the first experiment is to determine the effectiveness of the method to vary the network resources allocation for simple network structure. The second experiment compares the value of efficiency index for resource allocation with load balancing according to the protocol EIGRP and the one with route replacement. The proposed method replaces dynamically defined routes to alternative that maximizes the efficient use of shared network resource. The major factors influencing the effectiveness of a network resource handling is a network physical or logical structure. It depends on the number of edges in the network topology. Physical structure forms when designing the network in the future does not undergo significant modifications, so the paper proposes a method of physical structure selecting that will provide the highest flows service quality for a given number of nodes and edges. Physical structure redundancy increases with connectivity increasing, leading to a set of possible logical structures. Formation of these logical structures provides routing policies in the network. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive method of physical and logical structures selection, which provides the most effective use of network resources to ensure a high level of flows service quality. Routing protocols operation depends on the network physical structure, because it has to form the best logical structure. The criterions of logical structure effectiveness are the QoS parameters for transmitting flows. The main disadvantage of dynamic routing protocols is that the selection of the optimal route bases on mono-criterion metric does not considers all the network features and causes an ineffective use of network resources. At present, the only way to control the network resources allocation during the routing process is traffic balancing. It means that all equivalent routes are uses, through which you can reach the recipient. Проведено аналіз та обґрунтування чинників, що впливають на особливості використання мережевого ресурсу, закладеного у процесі проектування телекомунікаційної мережі. Кількість ребер у топології мережі є основним фактором, що характеризує вплив фізичної та логічної структур на ефективність використання мережевого ресурсу. Запропоновано метод вибору фізичної структури, яка забезпечить максимальну якість сервісу потокам при заданій кількості вузлів і ребер. Для забезпечення балансу потоків розроблено метод модифікації логічної структури, що ґрунтується на пошуку альтернативних шляхів через найменш завантажені локальні сегменти телекомунікаційної мережі.Item Методика оцінки показників ефективності радіоелектронного комплексу моніторингу повітряного простору(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Волочій, Б. Ю.; Озірковський, Л. Д.; Шкілюк, О. П.; Мащак, А. В.In this paper a method for estimation efficiency indexes for algorithm behavior of radioelectronic complex system of airspace monitoring is developed. This method takes into account the structure of adioelectronic complex system of airspace monitoring, technical and tactical characteristics of the reliability of hardware and qualifications of the human operator. Method involves the following stages. Forming of equivalent algorithm behavior is the first stage. Equivalent algorithm behavior is composed of operating and verifying blocks which reflect the functions of the radioelectronic complex system and the actions of human operator. For equivalent algorithm behavior forming is required to add two types of operating blocks that will characterize the reliability of hardware and software. Developing structural-automatic model is the second stage. Structural-automatic model is formalized representation of structure and behavior of radioelectronic complex system. Developing of structural-automatic model involves solving the following tasks: select a set of parameters of radioelectronic complex system that must be included in its model. The components of the vector state and basic events are defined. Modificational component rules tree of the state vector based on the components of the vector state and basic events is formed. The model of the algorithm behavior radioelectronic complex system is developed as a graph and state transitions. Developing of this model is the third stage of method. This task is performed using the software module ASNA-1. The system of linear differential equations of Kolmogorov - Chapman is formed and solved by program module ASNA-1. Solution of linear differential equations is obtained in the form of probability distribution being in the states. The fourth stage provides for forming and investigation of the efficiency indexes for algorithm behavior of radioelectronic complex system of airspace monitoring based on probability distribution being in the state. This method is the further development of modeling technology of discreet-continuous stochastic systems and multiple analysis for efficiency indexes of complex information systems. The example of the application of this method for resolving tasks of the system-technical designing radioelectronic complex sytem of airspace monitoring is represented. Розроблено методику оцінки показників ефективності алгоритму поведінки радіоелектронного комплексу моніторингу повітряного простору з урахуванням його структури, техніко-тактичних характеристик, показників надійності апаратних засобів та кваліфікації людини-оператора. Розроблена методика є подальшим розвитком технології моделювання та проведення багатоваріантного аналізу показників ефективності складних інформаційних систем.Item Титульний аркуш до Вісника "Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації"(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013)Item Cистема MAOPCS для багатоваріантного аналізу та оптимізації лінійних параметричних кіл у середовищі matlab(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Шаповалов, Ю. І.; Бачик, Д. Р.; Маньковський, С. В.This paper considers the software realization the system of functions MAOPCs (Multivariate Analysis and Optimization of the Parametric Circuits) for multivariate analysis and optimization of linear parametric circuits based on frequency symbolic method. This method is based on the formation of the approximated transfer functions of linear parametric circuits in the form of Fourier trigonometric polynomials. The use of symbolic transfer functions allowed to form functions of sensitivity of linear parametric circuits, which, in turn, allowed to calculate the relative deviations of functions of linear parametric circuits at change of their parameters. The further development of frequency symbolic methods allowed to solve the task of multivariate analysis and optimization. The system of functions MAOPCs realized in the environment of MATLAB. The presence of powerful mathematical symbolic apparatus in MATLAB allowed to realize this system. The system MAOPCs represents a 17 functions, each of which has parameters (input data) and arguments and performs over them defined the conversions. The results obtained during the execution of one function (in some cases of several functions) can be parameters to other functions. Thus, based on of the developed system of functions the user can create algorithms and programs of computer computational experiments for multivariate analysis and optimization of parametric circuit, which we investigate. For research of linear parametric circuits in the environment ofMATLAB, using a system MAOPCs, need perform the system requirements. They are consist in the fact that, necessary to create the file with text of programof research of circuit , where indicate: parameters that carry information about the circuit, accuracy of calculations, location to save the results, the parameters of functions, functions MAOPCs in the sequence that corresponds to the algorithm of carrying out of investigation. After it is necessary execute the file in the environment of MATLAB. Research results are saved in another file. These results together with the intermediate data we can view using MATLAB, which will be displayed in working window. The example of research of single-circuit parametric amplifier using the system of functions MAOPCs is presented. In the task on research are described an algorithm of carrying out of experiment. The fragments (screenshots) of file, where describes the parameters and algorithm research are presented and fragment (screenshot) with reflection of results in working window ofMATLAB also is presented. Conclusions are drawn about what system functions MAOPCs allows you to: – compose an algorithm and a program of carrying out of computational experiments of research of linear parametric circuits without delving into the depths of mathematical apparatus of the realized methods and using the powerful symbolic apparatus and other internal functions in MATLAB in full; – locate functions in any order and replenish her new functions. Розглянуто програмну реалізацію системи функцій MAOPCs для багатоваріантного аналізу та оптимізації лінійних параметричних кіл на основі частотного символьного методу.Item Модель акустооптичного комутатора для повністю оптичних телекомунікаційних систем(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Стрихалюк, Б. М.; Кайдан, М. В.; Максимюк, Т. А.; Пашкевич, В. З.Optical communication using semiconductor lasers as sources and optical fiber as the transmission medium is the only solution to handle the massive growth of network traffic. A single strand of fiber offers a bandwidth of 25 000 GHz, and a cable containing about 1000 optical fibers can carry six billion simultaneous full-screen videophone conversations – one for every person on earth. To utilize the potential bandwidth available on these optical fibers, other components of the optical network system have to be developed, ranging from detectors to multiplexers, buffers and switches. This paper addresses to acoustooptical technique, which could applied to switching optical signals. In general, a switch is concerned with the routing of message information in response to supervisory control signals. The message information could be large blocks of multiplexed traffic in the optical core network or a large number of lower bit channels delivered to the users in the optical access network. However, the application of an optical switch may not just be limited to the communication networks but also will incorporated in the communication cores of a large multi-processor computer where the data rates may exceed 100 Gbit/s. With new schemes being experimented for secure communication and for computing using quantum phenomena, new architecture will be required for switches that do not interrupt the phase information of the quantum packets. The mathematical model of optical cross-connect switch (OXC) have been presented. Given model, represent the input data stream as a matrix, each rows of which represents the incoming data stream in the form of a matrix whose rows correspond DWDM channels, and columns – wavelengths, respectively. The method of optical switching without blocking in the node, based on the binary switching matrix for all switching elements have presented. The advantage of our model is the simplicity of matrix computations based on Boolean algebra methods, which is not strongly dependent on the number of elements in the matrix and able to scale switching node switching algorithm without cumbersome calculations. We propose the model of optical switch based on acousto-optic cell. Unlike previous implementations, it is able for two-dimensional signals switching, by using mutually orthogonal acousto-optical cells. Thus, the proposed structure of the switching node is fully connected, and allows to switching information signal with an arbitrary carrier frequency from any input channel to any output channel, with the possibility of wavelength conversion. Furthermore, we design an improved model of wavelength adjustment device. The novelty of the proposed device lies in using a single converter, instead of wavelength converters array. Our device based on the four-wave mixing effect and adaptable for any combination of input/output wavelengths by the reference signal generator Implementation of this device allows will improve the scalability of optical transport network structure. Запропоновано математичну модель оптичного комутаційного вузла на прикладі крос-комутатора, яка зображає вхідний інформаційний потік у вигляді матриці, рядки якої відповідають DWDM каналам, а стовпці – довжинам хвиль, відповідно. Запропоновано спосіб забезпечення оптичної комутації без блокування у вузлі на основі формування бінарних матриць переходів для всіх комутаційних елементів. Представлена структурна схема оптичного комутатора на основі акустооптичної комірки. На відміну від попередніх реалізацій, цей комутатор дозволяє комутувати сигнал у двох площинах за рахунок використання двох взаємно ортогональних акустооптичних комірок. Запропоновано удосконалену модель пристрою узгодження довжин хвиль, яка працює на основі ефекту чотирихвилевого змішування. Ця модель є адаптивною для будь-якої комбінації вхідних/вихідних довжин хвиль, за рахунок генератора опорного сигналу, керованого контролером.Item Розробка методу оптимізації процесів виготовлення радіоелектронної апаратури з використанням оптимізаційних парето-областей(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Тарадаха, П. В.; Надобко, О. В.; Кіселичник, М. Д.; Недоступ, Л. А.At the department of theoretical radioengineering and radiomeasurements of Lviv Polytechnic National university the theory and methods of modeling and a process optimization the quality assurance processes of the radio-electronic equipment (REE) at a manufacture stage have been developed. As part of this common problem tasks of modeling аnd optimization the production and technological processes as the main stages with the formation of given (desired) properties REE are also considered. The last task solution reduces to the parameter optimization of control procedures by optimizing the depth control, compliance of them guarantees the set quality level REE at the lowest total production and maintenance costs. For such tasks realization methods of modeling procedure, optimization techniques have been proposed. Appropriate software, which has been used for solving a number of practical problems has been developed. One of the mentioned approach deficiency is the fact that received optimal values of depth control can not always use in practice. In most cases, these values have been found as a result of a purely mathematical solution of optimization task and thus received optimal values of depth control is not always possible to implement in conditions of real production. The aim of this work is the development of a universal method of optimization that uses the principles of Pareto optimization and is as close to the real production conditions, including taking into account the possible configurations of used technological and control equipment, requirements for quality and reliability of products in general. Proposed method involves the use of optimization Pareto-regions for solving problems of optimization processes (TP) which can be considered as modification of Pareto. Idea of the method is as follows: for creation Pareto-region a detailed analysis of all possible variants of TP with the fixation sets of technologies and control equipment and calculation of depth control values for all these variants of TP has been performed. Based on this, the research protocol of TP’s selected values in the form of depth control parameter sets. Next, using the developed methods and software, the evaluation of integral index of products quality in the form of the probability of formation output defectiveness and total costs, that are further displayed on the corresponding Pareto-region as a point has been estimated. By asking permitted defectiveness levels and total costs you can select those options of TP implementation, which guarantee the specified quality level of REE at acceptable cost levels. The typical optimization problems which take place in a real production has been examined in details. Пропонується метод оптимізації технологічних процесів виготовлення радіоелектронної апаратури, який базується на використанні оптимізаційних Паретообластей. Метод є універсальний, не містить обмежень на складність процесів і дозволяє встановлювати варіанти технологічних процесів, які відповідають умовам забезпечення заданого рівня дефектності виробів при допустимих витратах.Item Зміст до Вісника "Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації"(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013)