Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації. – 2013. – №766
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/23156
Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка"
У віснику відображено результати досліджень з теорії і проектування радіо-електронних кіл та пристроїв, антен і пристроїв НВЧ-діапазону, систем телекомунікації та інформаційних мереж, а також математичного моделювання та конструювання радіо-електронних схем і радіоапаратури. Для наукових працівників, інженерів та студентів старших курсів, фахівців з радіотехніки, інформаційних технологій та телекомунікаційних систем, матеріалознавства, інформатики, вимірювання і контролю якості.
Вісник Національного університету «Львівська політехніка» : [збірник наукових праць] / Міністерство освіти і науки України, Національний університет «Львівська політехніка» – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013. – № 766 : Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації / відповідальний редактор Б. А. Мандзій. – 212 с. : іл.
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Item Cистема MAOPCS для багатоваріантного аналізу та оптимізації лінійних параметричних кіл у середовищі matlab(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Шаповалов, Ю. І.; Бачик, Д. Р.; Маньковський, С. В.This paper considers the software realization the system of functions MAOPCs (Multivariate Analysis and Optimization of the Parametric Circuits) for multivariate analysis and optimization of linear parametric circuits based on frequency symbolic method. This method is based on the formation of the approximated transfer functions of linear parametric circuits in the form of Fourier trigonometric polynomials. The use of symbolic transfer functions allowed to form functions of sensitivity of linear parametric circuits, which, in turn, allowed to calculate the relative deviations of functions of linear parametric circuits at change of their parameters. The further development of frequency symbolic methods allowed to solve the task of multivariate analysis and optimization. The system of functions MAOPCs realized in the environment of MATLAB. The presence of powerful mathematical symbolic apparatus in MATLAB allowed to realize this system. The system MAOPCs represents a 17 functions, each of which has parameters (input data) and arguments and performs over them defined the conversions. The results obtained during the execution of one function (in some cases of several functions) can be parameters to other functions. Thus, based on of the developed system of functions the user can create algorithms and programs of computer computational experiments for multivariate analysis and optimization of parametric circuit, which we investigate. For research of linear parametric circuits in the environment ofMATLAB, using a system MAOPCs, need perform the system requirements. They are consist in the fact that, necessary to create the file with text of programof research of circuit , where indicate: parameters that carry information about the circuit, accuracy of calculations, location to save the results, the parameters of functions, functions MAOPCs in the sequence that corresponds to the algorithm of carrying out of investigation. After it is necessary execute the file in the environment of MATLAB. Research results are saved in another file. These results together with the intermediate data we can view using MATLAB, which will be displayed in working window. The example of research of single-circuit parametric amplifier using the system of functions MAOPCs is presented. In the task on research are described an algorithm of carrying out of experiment. The fragments (screenshots) of file, where describes the parameters and algorithm research are presented and fragment (screenshot) with reflection of results in working window ofMATLAB also is presented. Conclusions are drawn about what system functions MAOPCs allows you to: – compose an algorithm and a program of carrying out of computational experiments of research of linear parametric circuits without delving into the depths of mathematical apparatus of the realized methods and using the powerful symbolic apparatus and other internal functions in MATLAB in full; – locate functions in any order and replenish her new functions. Розглянуто програмну реалізацію системи функцій MAOPCs для багатоваріантного аналізу та оптимізації лінійних параметричних кіл на основі частотного символьного методу.Item Алгоритми маршрутизації та якість обслуговування повідомлень мультисервісної мережі зв'язку(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Ложковський, А. Г.; Куліш, Є. Б.; Гордієнко, В. Ю.This paper considers the options for combining routing algorithms in a single method for multiservice communication networks. For a comparative analysis of the quality of service communications multiservice communication network for various routing algorithms used the following input data: the dependence of the average number of packets from the input load of packages, the dependence of the average number of packets from the load generated by switched virtual circuits, the distribution function of packet service time in switching center, the average time and the distribution of packet delivery time given structure, the probability of loss applications for switching channels in a given network structure, bandwidth efficiency of edges, the number of computational operations to perform a rebuild operation, the total number of calculations required for the network operation of the algorithm routing over the period of observation. The first group of these results concerning the estimates of the number of packages in the middle of switching enabled the initial redistribution capacity of edges in the design of multiservice networks. The growth of the number of packets in the system depending on the crossing burden created by applications for switching virtual circuits or packet, in addition, defines the limit load value for a given quality of service. In this sense, the obvious advantages of systems with movable boundary between the regions of a frame allocated to applications for circuit switching and packet switching, as well as the use of digital speech interpolation. The second group of results can find applications of dynamic adaptive routing in comparison with the optimal streaming routing. Number of computational operations identified by analyzing all stages of computing routing algorithm and characterized using spent on the process of iteration time. For comparison, the order of evaluation examined the number of calculations for adaptive dynamic routing in the formation of routing matrix method for the relief packages and Probabilistic gaming applications for switching virtual circuits. Cited simulation results, the number and computation time for performing the process of forming a single optimal route routing several orders of magnitude greater than the formation routes for adaptive dynamic routing. This has been the case for selective formation of block matrices for applications for switching virtual circuits and applications for the packet, and the formation of block matrices with given redistribute bandwidth links between different types of traffic at the expense of moving the border between the regions of the frame. The numerical value of transaction routing methods and compared their performance time indicates that the optimal streaming algorithm that monitors bandwidth usage ribs and entire network as a whole rational use for long time periods between adjustments to the operation of his background adaptive dynamic routing. The time value adjustment and quality of service required characteristics should be taken into account in a comprehensive route selection criteria. Розглянуто можливі варіанти комплексування алгоритмів маршрутизації в межах єдиного методу для мультисервісної мережі зв’язку та здійснений порівняльний аналіз якості обслуговування повідомлень для різних алгоритмів маршрутизації.Item Визначення часу встановлення струму в індуктивному навантаженні перетворювача напруга-струм при негармонічній дії(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Василюк, В. Я.; Шклярський., В. І.The paper presents analysis of problems dealing with the determination of the current setting time in the inductive component of the complex load of Voltage-to-current (VTC) converter under non-harmonic input influence. There is showed the change in the transient response and in the current setting time of the inductor on changing the VTC converter and complex load parameters. Expression to determine the current setting time of complex load of VTC converter at given level of dynamic error is presented. The estimation of dynamic error in determining the current setting time is presented in accordance with the time dependencies of transient responses of current setting in inductive load of VTC converter with complex load’s and VTС’s converters different parameters. The mathematical model of precision VTC converter [1] with deflection system (DS) of cathode-ray tube (CRT) of television scanning optical microscope connected to its output has been designed and is presented as a complete equivalent circuit taking into account the resistance and parasitic capacitance of load. In accordance with the set conditions of raster formation on screen of such CRT, the control of converter is carried out by non-harmonic signal with variable shape, frequency, amplitude and displacement [2]. Precision VTC converter built as parallel circuit with a deep DS’s current feedback, the signal of which is formed on the feedback resistor, which is connected in series with the load, has been studied. To ensure the aperiodic current setting the bypass resistor is connected to the load in parallel. While analyzing this circuit we’re considering that: the static error due to instability of comparison resistors and feedback resistor is equal to zero, the cutoff frequency of VTC converter is higher than the resonant frequency of the load, and the error due to resistance of DS is compensated. The mathematical model allows to carry out a complete theoretical study of precision VTC converter and to get expressions to determine the parameters upon certain conditions: 1) supply voltage of VTC converter is higher than the maximum voltage on the DS during the transition process; 2) amplifier is presented as one inertial circuit with real parameters: unity gain frequency fВ , gain amplifier K0 ; 3) the resistance of DS rL and parasitic capacitance CL are taken into account at analysis; 4) considered that the feedback resistor RЗЗ is non-inductive; 5) the current flowing through the resistor R2 relative to current of feedback resistor is very small and it is neglected. Розроблено математичну модель прецизійного перетворювача напруга-струм (ПНС), навантаженого відхилювальною системою (ВС), яка забезпечує визначення часу встановлення струму у індуктивній складовій навантаження з необхідною точністю при заданій динамічній похибці. Наведені часові залежності встановлення струму у індуктивній складовій при зміні параметрів ПНС та комплексного навантаження.Item Выбор оптимальной топологии транспортной сети мобильной связи с учетом противоречивых показателей качества(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Чеботарёва, Д. В.To meet the put forward contradictory technical and economic demands to the structure of transmission networks it is necessary to use multi-criteria optimization methods when planning them. During our planning of a transmission network we design such a topology that has to provide high quality and sufficient reserve capacity at least costs. In practice it means that the designer must balance three transmission network quality factors, which characterize the cost, the quality and the capacity. In this paper we are going to discuss mostly the features of performing the nominal stage of the transmission network planning with the aid of multi-criteria optimization methods. We substantiate our choice of the set of quality factors which can be used to find the optimal topology of a transmission network with respect to them. The optimization procedure includes the next steps: 1) forming a set of valid network topology variants; 2) extracting from the obtained set the Pareto-optimal variants followed by selection of a single variant. The main method to protect against unavailability factor increase is to build a ring topology. However this strategy requires the use of additional equipment and trunks which will lead to a considerable increase in the cost of our network. The cost of the network should be calculated in accordance with the required number of connections and of cross-connectors. That is why it is advisable to carry out the optimization of a mobile communications transmission network with respect to these two conflicting parameters, namely, unavailability factor and cost. Analysis of stages and tasks of mobile communication transmission networks has been done. Initial data, technical characteristics and quality factors that are taken into account during transmission networks planning have been determined. A feature of such networks is that their quality factors are not only related and contradictory to each other, but the values of them depend on the selected specific network topology. That is why to select optimal topologies of a transmission network taking into account the set of quality factors we have to use general provisions of multi-criteria optimization. The paper presents results of solution to the problem of discrete choice of transmission network optimal topologies. The choice takes into account the set of quality factors, namely, unavailability factor and network cost. The set of valid topologies is constructed. The values of contradictory quality factors are estimated and the subset of Paretooptimal variants of network topology over the criterion space of estimates of quality factors is found. By using the conditional preference criterion we extracted a single variant of transmission network topology from the Pareto subset. Рассмотрены особенности оптимизации транспортной сети и приведены результаты решения задачи выбора оптимальной топологии транспортной сети с учетом совокупности показателей качества на основе методов многокритериальной оптимизации.Item Динаміка формування пульсових сигналів дистальних відділів променевих артерій(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Сторчун, Є. В.; Климух, А. Р.In last time new methods and hardware-software system, which combine eastern medicine traditions and western technologies are commonly used in diagnostic practice. Pulse diagnostics is one of the ancient methods for disease state identification. For diagnostic purposes different kind of arteries zones can be observed, but most popular is pulse diagnostics of wrist joints radial arteries. It is based on recording of signal from three zones, lied closely along the radial arteries of left and right hands. For the purpose of pulse diagnostics special kinds of sensing devices are used. Preliminary model with schema included acoustic impedances of artery part, soft tissues of registration zone and sensing device was proposed. In this model was assumed, that sensor occlusion force distributed between the model elements and other object structures is constant. Acoustic impedances of artery part and soft tissues were modeled by elastic component taking into consideration pulse signals spectrum. In this work modeling and experimental results of pulse signal forming by distal zone of radial artery depending on sensor occlusion force were presented. Artery stiffness was defined from the curve showing dependency between the transmural pressure and the relative change of artery volume. Stiffness evaluation results were approximated by second order polynom relative to force conformed to diastolic pressure of patient. Experimental verification of new model for vessels with small tensibility was carried out. Data were obtained for artery zone length 5 mm and pulse pressure mmHg. Artery stiffness polynomial model took into consideration fraction of occlusion force fitted the artery and soft tissues .Initial data for modeling were diastolic and pulse pressure of patient, artery diameter and length, and coefficient defining the increment of soft tissues impedance component depending on occlusive force. All dependencies were evaluated for each patient in dependency of arterial blood pressure, artery diameter and elastic response. During the simulation study artery diameter was changed in range (1,9 – 3,8) mm in compliance with measuring results obtained by another authors. Length of artery registration zone was changed until the matching of computation and experimental results. Experiment was done using the device with piezoelectric and tensoresistive sensors joined mechanical sequentially. Investigations for pulse signals from seven zones accordingly to eastern medicine canons were done for 4 patients in age 18-25 years old. Their results showed the adequacy of calculated meanings of pulse signal for different artery zone length in range of small values of occlusion forces. This fact can be explained by model affixment to the object exactly in this range. It can be suggested, that there is no interference of different zones during the pulse signal forming, when occlusive forces of sensors have value from range 0 – 2.0 N. In case of higher occlusive force values deformation of artery is starting. Consequences of deformation are that the elastic properties and pulse wave propagation process are changing. In such conditions process of pulse signal forming could not be described by elaborated model. Наведено результати моделювання та експериментальних досліджень динаміки формування пульсових сигналів дистальних відділів променевих артерій людини залежно від сили притискання перетворювача до зон їх реєстрації.Item Дисперсійне рівняння для визначення модового спектру хвиль у відкритих багатошарових циліндричних діелектричних хвилеводах(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Павликевич, М. Й.Paper depicts that one of the main challenges in wireless networks WiMAX is the task of ensuring the required service quality, which involves the separation of user stations network of guaranteed rate in the downlink. Providing guaranteed transmission rate in the WiMAX technology can be achieved by solving bandwidth allocation downlink. Therefore, existing approaches to analyze the distribution of bandwidth downlink wireless WiMAX technology whereby determined that they use the principle of Best Effort. The quality of service is not guaranteed, and between user stations distributed all of the available bandwidth. The result is a mathematical model, the novelty of which is the possibility of pre-emptive rate limiting, a dedicated service flows user stations in the downlink WiMAX technology by using a linearquadratic objective function that organizes the fair management of requests based on the relative priorities. In the course of solving the problem of scheduling data packets for transmission service flows of all user stations in the downlink of the proposed model it is necessary to perform a number of important constraint equations: the condition securing a sub-channel for the transmission of one slot for no more than one user station, the condition of adopting a one user station the number of slots, providing the required transmission rate used by the system modulation and coding, the condition of formation of a single packet of data for each user station, the condition of the formation of the packages “rectangular”, terms and conditions for the required number of slots for the transmission of official information. The model proposed is directed to the allocation of each user station guaranteed bit rate in the absence of overload downlink as well as the preventive rate limiting allocated for user station overload conditions. Furthermore the proposed mathematical model addresses the problem of distribution slots between data packets as problems balancing the available bandwidth of WiMAX downlink channel for transmitting payload towards subscriber stations, taking account of the form of modulation and coding. As a result, decision analysis found that the service requests from the service flows user stations is realized on the basis of so-called absolute priority. Thus, in the case where the programming service flow requests from subscriber stations exceed bandwidth downlink preventive restriction mostly experienced service request from a low priority flow. Request transmission rate of the service stream with a higher priority on preventive ogrnaichenie rate experienced in a lesser degree. When using a linear objective function restriction preventive tests first service request from a low priority flow until the complete denial of access. When using a linear-quadratic objective function in the case of overload failures relate to maintain all service flows with high priority to a lesser extent, and in higher concentrations - low priority. Запропоновано математичну модель розподілу пропускної здатності низхідного каналу зв’язку технології WiMAX. Новизна запропонованої моделі полягає в можливості превентивного обмеження швидкості передачі, виділеної сервісним потокам користувацьких станцій в низхідному каналі зв’язку технології WiMAX шляхом використання лінійно-квадратичної цільової функції, організуючою справедливе управління запитами на основі відносних пріоритетів. Запропонована модель спрямована на виділення кожній користувацькій станції гарантованої швидкості передачі в умовах відсутності перевантаження низхідного каналу зв’язку, а також на превентивне обмеження швидкості передачі, виділеної для користувацької станції в умовах перевантаження. Проаналізовано вплив пріоритетів запитів швидкості передачі, що використовуються в моделі, на характер можливих відмов.Item Дослідження властивостей розв’язків задачі електромагнітного розсіяння на сукупності включень малого розміру(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Андрійчук, М. І.The problem of scattering of the electromagnetic (EM) waves by many small impedance bodies (particles), embedded in a homogeneous medium is studied. Physical properties of the particles are described by their boundary impedance. The boundary integral equation is obtained for the effective EM field in the limiting medium for the case if radius of particles tends to zero and number of particles tends to infinity by suitable rate. The medium, created by the embedding of the small particles, has new physical properties. Although scattering of EM waves by small bodies has a long history, the obtained results are new and useful in applications because EM wave scattering in nanostructures and small dust particles in the air are examples of the problem to which our approach can be applied. The developed previously Mie theory deals with scattering by a sphere, not necessarily small, and gives the solution to scattering problem in terms of the series in spherical harmonics. If the sphere is small, then the first term in the Mie series yields the main part of solution. The proposed approach is applicable only to small particles; it is development of ideas proposed earlier for the scattering of acoustic waves. However, the scattering of EM waves brought new technical difficulties. These difficulties come from the vector nature of boundary condition. The particles in our approach can be of arbitrary shape. The solution of initial EM wave scattering problem is reduced to solving a linear algebraic system. This system is not obtained by a discretization of some boundary integral equation, and it has a clear physical meaning. Its limiting form yields an integro-differential equation for the limiting effective field in the medium where the small particles are embedded. The new analytical-numerical method for solving the scattering problem of electromagnetic waves on the set of small particles has been developed. Investigation of properties of the solutions to problem depending on the parameters of medium, size of particles and their impedance has been carried out. The numerical results allowed to establish the correctness of assumption about property of divergence of the tangential component of electric field on the particle’s surface, which was used essentially for obtaining the asymptotic solution. The numerical results testify that the relative error of the obtained numerical solution, while compare it with the similar solution obtained by some complicate procedure, does not exceed of several percents. Розглянуто задачу розсіяння електромагнітних хвиль малими імпедансними тілами (включеннями) у однорідному середовищі. Фізичні властивості включень описуються їх поверхневим імпедансом. Отримано граничне інтегральне рівняння для ефективного електромагнітного поля при a→0 , де a – характерний розмір включень, а M(a) – кількість включень. Проведено дослідження властивостей розв’язків задачі залежно від параметрів середовища, розміру включень та їх поверхневого імпедансу. Наведено результати числового моделювання.Item Дослідження методів частотного планування коміркових мереж на основі технологій LTE та GSM(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Кузь, І. М.; Хархаліс, З. М.; Гуськов, П. О.; Лаврів, О. А.Modern researches in field of mobile network depend on network infrastructure in a specific region. Nowadays, the actual issue is reforming of the existing frequency range for LTE deployment. The most common band is 900/1800 MHz, which in usual licensed for the GSM networks. It known that LTE net-work core can be easily integrated with the existing GSM infrastructure. The convergent base stations had been already known which can operate with GSM/LTE/WCDMA simultaneously. Therefore, the urgent task is implementation of radio interface based on spectrum sensing between different technologies in the same band. This work is devoted to building effective frequency planning networks for LTE technology on the existing GSM band. While making frequency planning of LTE technology, we take into account the presence coverage of existing GSM network. Thus, we consider two different methods of frequency planning: soft and fractional. Both of these methods of frequency reuse well described in LTE. In both cases, the whole frequency band divided into two groups. One of them used by the subscribers located inside the cell as well as on it edges, the other – only in-side the cell. Deploying LTE coverage on GSM spectrum may arise the situation when operating frequencies of GSM base station can fully interfere with one of the LTE bands.We propose modified method of soft frequency re-use, which lies in exception of conflict bands from an inside-cell frequency band. At the border of the cell, we propose to use coordinated service that is providing service to the subscriber by multiple base stations, in order to achieve higher throughput. This technology lies in synchronizing multiple base stations in time and frequency in their interaction via optical channel. Using a joint processing method, we obtain a significant increase in throughput at the border of the cell, which compensates some drawbacks of the soft frequency reuse method. One of the options for deploying LTE network is construction of a common network between several operators. It is a widespread practice these days and leads to the solution for a number of problems, which are connected, in particular, to the lack of spectrum for 3rd and 4th generation networks deployment. Given the global experience, we consider the following model of cooperation between operators: two or more operators carry out reforming of their own bands to release continuous frequency band, merging of which forms a common frequency band. From the set of architectural solutions, we chose two models in which we will be interested. Gateway Core Network – main principal of which lies in closer interaction in a network control segment and allows to install shared mobility management entities as well as common radio access network. Multi Operator Core Network – uses separate MME modules, which, in comparison to GWCN, allows to de-crease amount of service traffic in transport network and to simplify the setup of each core network. According to Ukrainian circumstances and the need of CAPEX reducing in the initial stage we propose to use a GWCN model. Проаналізовано використання нових методів повторного використання частот. Запропоновано модель ефективного частотного розподілу на основі уникнення конфліктних смуг з технологією GSM. Розглянуто алгоритм координованого обслуговування для зменшення міжкоміркової інтерференції. Проаналізовано необхідність перерозподілу частотних ресурсів між операторами зв’язку з метою отримання неперервної смуги для впровадження технології LTE. З метою отримання великої кількості частотних ресурсів запропоновано здійснювати спільну експлуатацію мережі LTE. Для оптимальної побудови мультиоператорної мережі є запропоновано використання архітектури GWCN.Item Дослідження і моделювання механізмів формування та обслуговування черг у мережевих пристроях(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Кирик, М. І.; Плесканка, Н. М.; Кожуров, Д. В.The investigation has covered buffer resource and queue management as main and the most important network traffic parameter and access control and overload mechanism. Network devices interaction model can performed by three levels: - physical layer; - protocols layer; - queues consolidating two previous levels. The basic mechanisms of processing queues have been examined. The rules, that packages in queue are processed according to, are called queues management algorithms. The requirements for processing queues mechanisms have been defined. The formation and processing network queues analysis and modeling mechanisms have been presented. After reading the main points of the mechanisms of formation and queuing, simulation model of queuing in multiservice network using data prioritization has been developed. The model has been implemented in a Matlab software environment. The number of packages in the buffer has been calculated according to Norros formula. Every algorithm evaluation creterion is the ability to best quality service for each service providing the best parameters QoS. Simulation results comparative analysis has been carried out. For more detailed analysis of the service parameters quality, the results of different types algorithms for multiservice network are resented. QoS parameters, such as the probability of packet loss, delay and jitter, were determined for different flows with appropriate algorithm. It was determined that the FIFO algorithm is unacceptable for service data. PQ algorithm was designed to process high priority flows. The best simulations results showed WFQ algorithm, which can satisfy acceptable service quality according to all parameters. The presented model makes it possible to choose the optimal queues algorithms for different services. This approach can be used on design stage, and also on increasing the network efficiency stage. Наведено мережеву модель взаємодії між вузлами обслуговування. Проведено огляд основних механізмів обробки черг. Детальніше розглянуто алгоритм зважених черг, що настроюються. Подано імітаційну модель роботи різних алгоритмів формування та обслуговування черг. Проведено порівняльний аналіз результатів моделювання.Item Життя, сповнене багатогранною працею: до 80-річчя від дня народження відповідального редактора Вісника "Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації" д-ра техн. наук, проф. Б. А. Мандзія(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Прудиус, ІванItem Забезпечення якості обслуговування та оптимізація бізнес-процесів у розподілених системах на основі сервісно-орієнтованої архітектури(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Климаш, М. М.; Демидов, І. В.; Селюченко, М. О.; Орлевич, І. Д.This paper is devoted to the solving an eigenvalue problem for opened layered cylindrical waveguide structure with arbitrary finite number coaxial magnetodielectric layers. Classical method of separation of variables for analitycal solution to a boundary value problem for second order non-self-adjoint differential operator is applied. A general solution for electromagnetic field components, its boundary and infinity conditions are applied to obtain the complex transcendental dispersion equation. The dispersion equation has form a condition of nontrivial solving for system of homogeneous linear equation, that is a condition of singularity for a matrix D of the system linear equation, for example det(D)=0. For l-layered waveguide structure this is a square 4(l+1)-matrix, which rank not exceed 4l+3. If a rank of matrix D is equal 4l+3, then simple roots of dispersion equation exist, else multiplicity of roots to appear. The matrix D can be represented in block form respectively to vectors of unknown complex amplitude coefficients. Blocks of submatrices are bidiagonal. The dispersion equation solutions for the particular waveguide structure represents the longitudinal wavenumber values of wave modes and a variety of wavenumber values represent discrete mode spectra: surface modes and leaky modes. In general this is hybrid modes excepting a case of axial symmetrical field distribution. For this case the dispersion equation is decomposed to two equation – for TE-modes and for TM-modes and the matrix D obtain a block diagonal form. Класичним методом розділення змінних отримано дисперсійне рівняння для визначення спектра мод хвиль у відкритому багатошаровому циліндричному діелектричному хвилеводі з довільною кількістю коаксіальних шарів магнітодіелектриків. Це спектральна задача для несамоспряженого диференційного оператора другого порядку із змінними, які розділяються, і з однорідними граничними умовами на границях шарів. Загальні розв’язки рівнянь для складових полів разом з граничними умовами та умовами на безмежності приводять до комплексного трансцендентного дисперсійного рівняння для поздовжніх хвильових чисел власних хвиль (мод) з дискретним спектром.Item Зміст до Вісника "Радіоелектроніка та телекомунікації"(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013)Item Метод балансування абонентського навантаження мережі коміркового зв'язку(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Бак, Р. І.; Чайковський, І. Б.; Бурачок, Р. А.This paper is devoted to the solving the problem which occurs in cellular networks at times of peak busy hour when the radio resources are ended in one or more cells. Proposed method increases the availability of radio resources of mobile network through radio resources forced redistribution. Radio resources forced redistribution is transfer of a part of network load from congested sector to lower loaded sector. This is done by transferring subscriber load (forced handover) between closely-spaced sectors within the common coverage area. To perform a forced handover is necessary to the power of the signal that the user receives from a base station of destination sector was equal to or above the minimum operating value and the movement of the user was negligible relative to the radius of the cell during the average duration of a communication session. Classification of active subscribers at speeds of movement (the lower the speed, the higher the priority for forced handover) and class of service (the lower the rating, the higher the priority for forced handover) is made to limit the dimension of the problem of radio resource forced redistribution. The set of mobile network sectors is represented by a network graph. In this graph each node is a sector of the cell. Connecting nodes indicate the existence of a common coverage area for the relevant sectors. This connection is a prerequisite for the forced redistribution of network radio resource. Edge weighting coefficients indicate the value of bandwidth used by subscribers of one sector, when the signal power level from second sector is equal to or greater than the minimum operating value for these subscribers. Subscriber load balancing algorithm in a mobile network consists of five steps. Scanning the sector i with the highest factor loading Ki. Finding routes set H from node i to node j, in which the paths bandwidth is not less than Cimin, and the load factor the sector j would not exceed Kдоп value after transferring to it the loads Cimin. Searching in the set H the path hij with the minimum rank R(hij). Selecting subscribers in each node of the way hij (except the sector j), which will change the service sector. Transferring the user’s load from the sector i to the sector j is a forced handover of the subscribers on the hij way, starting from the penultimate node in j, and ending from the i to the second node. For systems with more computing power complicated graph is offered, which allows to perform load balancing of mobile network more effectively. Запропоновано алгоритм балансування абонентського навантаження у мережі мобільного зв’язку з метою зменшення коефіцієнта завантаження сектору. Цей метод підвищує доступність радіоресурсів мережі мобільного зв’язку за допомогою вимушеного перерозподілу радіоресурсу. Запропоновано класифікацію активних абонентів за швидкістю переміщення та класом використовуваних послуг на основі моніторингу стану абонентських терміналів.Item Метод флікер-шумової спектроскопії(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Мандзій, Б. А.; Колодій, З. О.; Яцишин, С. П.; Колодій, А. З.Method of determining the processes that take place inside the investigated system is presented here. Method is based on the analysis of energy spectrum of investigated system own noises. Using energy spectrum of own noises that is experimentally found it is calculated the constant of system relaxation time τ. Processes that take place inside the system affect the value of τ. Analysis of values of the constant of relaxation time gives the possibility to obtain the information about the character of inner processes. Energy spectrum of own noises of real systems including semiconductors is not the same in the whole range of frequencies. On the middle and high frequencies energy spectrum value S(f) is the same but on the low frequencies (f→0) it is observed the inverse proportion of spectrum from the frequency. Such irregularity of energy spectrum is explained by unbalanced state of real system. Without external influences on the system (the condition of measurement) the system moves to balanced state through relaxation processes. Depending on the peculiarities of system structure defects the probability of one of all possible relaxation mechanisms with time τ is the highest. Analysis of times of relaxation spectrum gives the possibility to reveal almost all main characteristics of structure of solid solutions but empirical estimate of parameter τ is connected with some methodical difficulties and does not provide necessary precision of valuations. Energy spectrum of own noises of investigated system S(f) depends on the value τ thus the constant of system relaxation time can be found using experimentally calculated S(f). Value τ found in such way can be compared with theoretically calculated value τ during predicted the biggest probability the one of possible relaxation mechanisms. If experimental and theoretical τ value are close it is possible to find the relaxation mechanisms that take place in the investigated system. The authors performed experimental investigations of energy spectrum of own noises of electronic elements based on resistors and also on silicon epitaxial planar diodes. In investigated resistors the relaxation processes are connected with appearing and disappearing of quasi-equilibrium vacancies. In semiconducting diode generating-recombination processes happen faster than appearing and disappearing of quasi-equilibrium vacancies, thus the relaxation constant for diode is smaller than for resistors. It was conducted the investigation of parameters of resistor own noises with conducted film of metal oxide on the surface and with mechanical damages of film. Based on the obtained energy spectrums of their noises it was calculated the relaxation constants of examples of investigated resistors. In the structure of conducted film of investigated resistors besides quasi-equilibrium vacancies other defects appeared, for example micro-cracks. Appearing of such defects accelerate the relaxation processes that can be seen in the reduction of relaxation constants of investigated examples. Запропоновано метод визначення процесів, що відбуваються всередині досліджуваної системи. Метод ґрунтується на аналізі енергетичного спектра власних шумів досліджуваної системи. За експериментально визначеним енергетичним спектром власних шумів визначається постійна часу релаксації системи τ. Процеси, що відбуваються всередині системи, впливають на значення τ. Аналіз значень постійної часу релаксації дає змогу отримати інформацію про характер внутрішніх процесів.Item Методи оптимізації фізичної та логічної структур телекомунікаційних мереж(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Бугиль, Б. А.; Лаврів, О. А.; Бешлей, М. І.; Червенець, В. В.The article deals with reasons why the planned network resource is not used completely. The main attention is paid to the dynamic routing protocol, which does not consider the current load of local network segments according to the principle of its functioning. In the paper local segments loading considers with existence of a constant flow to reduce the computational complexity of the proposed method. The method is proposed in the work to maximize the use of network resources and resource allocation improving based on alternative routes variation through less loaded local segment. The proposed method implemented as a simulation model in Matlab. It allows making decision on routes variation based on introduced efficiency index for resource allocation. The article shows results of two experiments on the proposed method to determine its adequacy. The task of the first experiment is to determine the effectiveness of the method to vary the network resources allocation for simple network structure. The second experiment compares the value of efficiency index for resource allocation with load balancing according to the protocol EIGRP and the one with route replacement. The proposed method replaces dynamically defined routes to alternative that maximizes the efficient use of shared network resource. The major factors influencing the effectiveness of a network resource handling is a network physical or logical structure. It depends on the number of edges in the network topology. Physical structure forms when designing the network in the future does not undergo significant modifications, so the paper proposes a method of physical structure selecting that will provide the highest flows service quality for a given number of nodes and edges. Physical structure redundancy increases with connectivity increasing, leading to a set of possible logical structures. Formation of these logical structures provides routing policies in the network. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive method of physical and logical structures selection, which provides the most effective use of network resources to ensure a high level of flows service quality. Routing protocols operation depends on the network physical structure, because it has to form the best logical structure. The criterions of logical structure effectiveness are the QoS parameters for transmitting flows. The main disadvantage of dynamic routing protocols is that the selection of the optimal route bases on mono-criterion metric does not considers all the network features and causes an ineffective use of network resources. At present, the only way to control the network resources allocation during the routing process is traffic balancing. It means that all equivalent routes are uses, through which you can reach the recipient. Проведено аналіз та обґрунтування чинників, що впливають на особливості використання мережевого ресурсу, закладеного у процесі проектування телекомунікаційної мережі. Кількість ребер у топології мережі є основним фактором, що характеризує вплив фізичної та логічної структур на ефективність використання мережевого ресурсу. Запропоновано метод вибору фізичної структури, яка забезпечить максимальну якість сервісу потокам при заданій кількості вузлів і ребер. Для забезпечення балансу потоків розроблено метод модифікації логічної структури, що ґрунтується на пошуку альтернативних шляхів через найменш завантажені локальні сегменти телекомунікаційної мережі.Item Методика оцінки показників ефективності радіоелектронного комплексу моніторингу повітряного простору(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Волочій, Б. Ю.; Озірковський, Л. Д.; Шкілюк, О. П.; Мащак, А. В.In this paper a method for estimation efficiency indexes for algorithm behavior of radioelectronic complex system of airspace monitoring is developed. This method takes into account the structure of adioelectronic complex system of airspace monitoring, technical and tactical characteristics of the reliability of hardware and qualifications of the human operator. Method involves the following stages. Forming of equivalent algorithm behavior is the first stage. Equivalent algorithm behavior is composed of operating and verifying blocks which reflect the functions of the radioelectronic complex system and the actions of human operator. For equivalent algorithm behavior forming is required to add two types of operating blocks that will characterize the reliability of hardware and software. Developing structural-automatic model is the second stage. Structural-automatic model is formalized representation of structure and behavior of radioelectronic complex system. Developing of structural-automatic model involves solving the following tasks: select a set of parameters of radioelectronic complex system that must be included in its model. The components of the vector state and basic events are defined. Modificational component rules tree of the state vector based on the components of the vector state and basic events is formed. The model of the algorithm behavior radioelectronic complex system is developed as a graph and state transitions. Developing of this model is the third stage of method. This task is performed using the software module ASNA-1. The system of linear differential equations of Kolmogorov - Chapman is formed and solved by program module ASNA-1. Solution of linear differential equations is obtained in the form of probability distribution being in the states. The fourth stage provides for forming and investigation of the efficiency indexes for algorithm behavior of radioelectronic complex system of airspace monitoring based on probability distribution being in the state. This method is the further development of modeling technology of discreet-continuous stochastic systems and multiple analysis for efficiency indexes of complex information systems. The example of the application of this method for resolving tasks of the system-technical designing radioelectronic complex sytem of airspace monitoring is represented. Розроблено методику оцінки показників ефективності алгоритму поведінки радіоелектронного комплексу моніторингу повітряного простору з урахуванням його структури, техніко-тактичних характеристик, показників надійності апаратних засобів та кваліфікації людини-оператора. Розроблена методика є подальшим розвитком технології моделювання та проведення багатоваріантного аналізу показників ефективності складних інформаційних систем.Item Модель акустооптичного комутатора для повністю оптичних телекомунікаційних систем(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Стрихалюк, Б. М.; Кайдан, М. В.; Максимюк, Т. А.; Пашкевич, В. З.Optical communication using semiconductor lasers as sources and optical fiber as the transmission medium is the only solution to handle the massive growth of network traffic. A single strand of fiber offers a bandwidth of 25 000 GHz, and a cable containing about 1000 optical fibers can carry six billion simultaneous full-screen videophone conversations – one for every person on earth. To utilize the potential bandwidth available on these optical fibers, other components of the optical network system have to be developed, ranging from detectors to multiplexers, buffers and switches. This paper addresses to acoustooptical technique, which could applied to switching optical signals. In general, a switch is concerned with the routing of message information in response to supervisory control signals. The message information could be large blocks of multiplexed traffic in the optical core network or a large number of lower bit channels delivered to the users in the optical access network. However, the application of an optical switch may not just be limited to the communication networks but also will incorporated in the communication cores of a large multi-processor computer where the data rates may exceed 100 Gbit/s. With new schemes being experimented for secure communication and for computing using quantum phenomena, new architecture will be required for switches that do not interrupt the phase information of the quantum packets. The mathematical model of optical cross-connect switch (OXC) have been presented. Given model, represent the input data stream as a matrix, each rows of which represents the incoming data stream in the form of a matrix whose rows correspond DWDM channels, and columns – wavelengths, respectively. The method of optical switching without blocking in the node, based on the binary switching matrix for all switching elements have presented. The advantage of our model is the simplicity of matrix computations based on Boolean algebra methods, which is not strongly dependent on the number of elements in the matrix and able to scale switching node switching algorithm without cumbersome calculations. We propose the model of optical switch based on acousto-optic cell. Unlike previous implementations, it is able for two-dimensional signals switching, by using mutually orthogonal acousto-optical cells. Thus, the proposed structure of the switching node is fully connected, and allows to switching information signal with an arbitrary carrier frequency from any input channel to any output channel, with the possibility of wavelength conversion. Furthermore, we design an improved model of wavelength adjustment device. The novelty of the proposed device lies in using a single converter, instead of wavelength converters array. Our device based on the four-wave mixing effect and adaptable for any combination of input/output wavelengths by the reference signal generator Implementation of this device allows will improve the scalability of optical transport network structure. Запропоновано математичну модель оптичного комутаційного вузла на прикладі крос-комутатора, яка зображає вхідний інформаційний потік у вигляді матриці, рядки якої відповідають DWDM каналам, а стовпці – довжинам хвиль, відповідно. Запропоновано спосіб забезпечення оптичної комутації без блокування у вузлі на основі формування бінарних матриць переходів для всіх комутаційних елементів. Представлена структурна схема оптичного комутатора на основі акустооптичної комірки. На відміну від попередніх реалізацій, цей комутатор дозволяє комутувати сигнал у двох площинах за рахунок використання двох взаємно ортогональних акустооптичних комірок. Запропоновано удосконалену модель пристрою узгодження довжин хвиль, яка працює на основі ефекту чотирихвилевого змішування. Ця модель є адаптивною для будь-якої комбінації вхідних/вихідних довжин хвиль, за рахунок генератора опорного сигналу, керованого контролером.Item Модель превентивного обмеження швидкості передачі низхідного каналу зв’язку технології WIMAX в умовах перевантажень(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Лемешко, О. В.; Гаркуша, С. В.To meet the put forward contradictory technical and economic demands to the structure of transmission networks it is necessary to use multi-criteria optimization methods when planning them. During our planning of a transmission network we design such a topology that has to provide high quality and sufficient reserve capacity at least costs. In practice it means that the designer must balance three transmission network quality factors, which characterize the cost, the quality and the capacity. In this paper we are going to discuss mostly the features of performing the nominal stage of the transmission network planning with the aid of multi-criteria optimization methods. We substantiate our choice of the set of quality factors which can be used to find the optimal topology of a transmission network with respect to them. The optimization procedure includes the next steps: 1) forming a set of valid network topology variants; 2) extracting from the obtained set the Pareto-optimal variants followed by selection of a single variant. The main method to protect against unavailability factor increase is to build a ring topology. However this strategy requires the use of additional equipment and trunks which will lead to a considerable increase in the cost of our network. The cost of the network should be calculated in accordance with the required number of connections and of cross-connectors. That is why it is advisable to carry out the optimization of a mobile communications transmission network with respect to these two conflicting parameters, namely, unavailability factor and cost. Analysis of stages and tasks of mobile communication transmission networks has been done. Initial data, technical characteristics and quality factors that are taken into account during transmission networks planning have been determined. A feature of such networks is that their quality factors are not only related and contradictory to each other, but the values of them depend on the selected specific network topology. That is why to select optimal topologies of a transmission network taking into account the set of quality factors we have to use general provisions of multi-criteria optimization. The paper presents results of solution to the problem of discrete choice of transmission network optimal topologies. The choice takes into account the set of quality factors, namely, unavailability factor and network cost. The set of valid topologies is constructed. The values of contradictory quality factors are estimated and the subset of Paretooptimal variants of network topology over the criterion space of estimates of quality factors is found. By using the conditional preference criterion we extracted a single variant of transmission network topology from the Pareto subset. Рассмотрены особенности оптимизации транспортной сети и приведены результаты решения задачи выбора оптимальной топологии транспортной сети с учетом совокупности показателей качества на основе методов многокритериальной оптимизации.Item Моделювання криволінійних ниткоподібних структур у хвилеводах(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Захарія, Й. А.Well known current filament modeling method is frequently for electrodynamic structures analysis in free space and in waveguide used. In both cases the electrodynamic analyse principles are the same. The current filament method is often for analysis of closed waveguide exciter, or analogous passive elements in waveguide used. For sufficient small area of closed filament structure and corresponding great field point distance in analysis the dipole model is valid. The form of structure contour is then not essential. Therefore the codition of structure momentum (electrical or magnetic) we use an polygonal modeling. The contour of filament closed structure may be analytically described. But often the contour form is arbitrary and can not be mathematical expressed. In last case it is possible the considered in this paper polygonal modeling to apply. For example in the paper the magnetic current is taken. Such example is useful in analysis of waveguide aperture exciting. It is known, that necessary Green functions are by form of waveguide cross section defined, and usually given by infinite series. The known modified Green functions often are particularly simplified. Therefore we are forced the numerical analysis method to apply. But necessary analytical expressions we must get by electrodynamic mehods. The coresponding formulas for lineare coordinate sections of polygonal model contour are the simplest. The sloped sections of filament current model in general radiate three vector-potential components. Correspondingly, the field analysis is more complicated. It is possible to use the analogous analytical method without modeling, if filament structure contour can be mathematically expressed. Algorithm for analytical expressions in last case coincide with algorithm for sloped lineare section of magnetic current filament given in the paper But mathematical difficulties can cause, that it is impossible analytically to realize. Then we may the polygonal modeling to apply. The algorithm for analytical expressions of radiated by magnetic current electrical field tension is also given in the paper. Use the circular filament coil with magnetic current for numerical example, the comparison of radiated by various coil polygonal model field tension, is realized in this work. It is established, that in the near zone of coil area the radiated electrical field for N=4 and N=12 is practical the same. A little difference has an order of tenth part from one per cent. We should to remind, that in the quadratic model (N=4) the sloped filament sections absent, and the calculations are simplified. In order to detect of the named above differences, the electrical field is in separate points of a current coil circle radius calculated. So it is found, that only near of quadratic model current filament the result difference icrease to one percent. Such almost on ¾ of quadratic model area the accuracy of modeling is high. In the paper is an information about simplified modeling of sloped current filament section in waveguide by his coordinate projections given. However the difference of calculated results relative to quadratic modeling increase to three percent. Пропонуємо здійснювати аналіз криволінійних ниткоподібних структур у хвилеводах аналітичним методом або за допомогою багатокутникових моделей структури. Тоді аналітично описуються лінійні аспекти моделі. На основі прикладу моделювання колового витка магнітного струму у хвилеводі встановлено, що з незначною похибкою можна використовувати квадратну модель.Item Моделювання передавача SOQPSK-TG сигналів(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2013) Янкевич, Р. В.; Мартюгов, С. О.; Токарчук, П. А.; Міськів, М. В.; Огородник, А. В.This paper is devoted to the practical side of the SOQPSK transmitter realization. It describes detailed model of one of possible variants of transmitter realization. The model is made in such a way that any part of it can be easily changed or any parameter can be tuned to achieve best efficiency of the system. The biggest problem to be solved when realizing transmitter is practical realization of ternary encoder. This paper also presents our solution of this problem using elemental discrete blocks that could be easily realized in practice either using discrete elements or included as part of system realized on FPGA. The paper itself is divided on four sections: 1. Introduction. This part contains the information about the development of telemetry systems, standard types of modulations and references links to the papers devoted to the problems of telemetry signals. 2. SOQPSK modulation and its kinds. This section contains theoretical statements and formulas of the SOQPSK type modulation. Also different parameters that define types of SOPQSK modulation (SOQPSK-A, SOQPSK-B, SOQPSK-TG) are presented. 3. Transmitter model. In this section the problem of telemetry SOQPSK-TG transmitter modeling is described. Next the step by step explanation of the model, its blocks and their operation is shown. Explanation is organized in the way how the input signal propagates from input to output. Also the problem of transmitter filter is described. Two possible solutions of this issue are shown in this section too. 4. Conclusions. Some short conclusions to this paper are given in this section. In general we can say that the necessity of new telemetry systems creation force the search for new, more effective modulations. Created standards describe some of the signals types and their parameters. But these stands do not fully describe methods of these signals generation. Within the work on creation of detailed model of SOQPSK transmitter the scheme of binary sequences of {-1, +1} alphabet to ternary sequences of {-1, 0, +1} alphabet was created. The created model allows to investigate the influence of its separate blocks’ parameters change on the whole system, but also easily make these changes. Also, it is necessary to point out that such model detail allows to make relatively easy practical realization just by transferring it to FPGA, which in now a days have big enough library of standard blocks and systems. Описано процес моделювання, а також результати моделювання передавального пристрою SOQPSK-TG сигналів. Представлено реалізацію двійково-трійкового перетворювача.