Проблеми і шляхи розвитку архітектурно-містобудівного середовища в Україні

Abstract

Розглянуто становлення середовищних ідей в архітектурі та містобудуванні України з позицій міської синергетики, що дає змогу переосмислити проблематику розвитку архітектурно-містобудівного й урбаністичного оточення в Україні й переорієнтувати розбудову міського середовища на самоорганізацію мешканців.The article studies the formation of environmental ideas in architecture and urban planning in Ukraine from the point of view of city synergetics (urban synergetics) as one of the possible theoretical directions that allows to rethink the problematics of development of architectural and urban planning as well as urban environment in Ukraine. This problematics has emerged on the background of confrontation between the heritage of the Soviet society and critical comprehension of achievements of liberal and democratic transformations in the West. Polarization, on the one hand, of pragmatically-modern world-view and, on the other hand, of pluralistically-postmodern, which existed both in the West and in the East, stimulated the transformation of urban surrounding within the limits of opposition of system and environmental approaches towards the problems of its development, which were researched by numerous scientists (H. Lavryk, M. Diomin, I. Fomin, K. Linch, K. Alexander, R. Venturi, Ch. Jencks and others). Ukrainian version of urban synergetics, which is initially aimed at removing these confrontations and which will re-direct the environment development to the way of self-organization of the residents and its planning, is directed at solving the important self-development problems. The first set of problems is connected with morphological transformation and appearance of new environmental forms in the cities and on completely urbanized territories, similar to technoparks and technopolises, clusters and condominiums, main-way and various agglomerative and non-agglomerative formations at the area of such phenomenon of total urbanization which has got the name “urban-rural continuum”. In urban synergetics the problems of appearance of these and other new “chaotic” forms are put together with the existing proposals of segmentation of architectural and urban planning environment into urban material and frame (O. Huntov), while urbanized landscapes and covering are added to them. The second set looks into the problems of environment humanization by means of departure from the modernist ideas about the residents as a poorly structured mass of “population” with purely utilitarian lifestyle as well as transition from postmodern accumulation of anonymous individualities in mass culture to the proposals of identifying city communities and societies. These proposals, being based on the research results of the scientists (L. Humiliov, R. Murphy, J. Forrester, R. Ledrut and others), plan the identifying of communities of city residents (city dwellers and rural dwellers, urbaners and villagers). In the processes of self-organization and in accordance with their mentality they are settled in attractive for them places, shaping the environment, corresponding to their priorities and artistic tastes. The third set of problems – problems of reformation – draws the professionals’ attention to the necessity of reforming the ideas taking into consideration a multi-layered structure of space-time. Taking into account the existing research of this topic (V. Vernadskyi, H. Bergson, N. Moiiseieva, O. Hutnov and others), a synergetic model of multi-dimensional time has been designed, it helps opening the ways for analysis and prediction of development directions of architectural and urban planning environment in the space of local and mental, historical and civilizational space-time dimensions of urbanized surrounding. Synergetic synchronization of these times in a single temporal world of urbo-sphere opens new ways of its self-arrangement and solving harmonization problems: defining the rhythms of historical transformations of architectural and urban planning environment, predicting the stages of its further development, finding out the phases of decrease and increase in urban forming activity etc. Synergetic concept of genre projection is a considerable contribution into harmonization activity; it will assist in the return of architecture and urban planning to the heart of the sculptural arts on the way towards solving relevant problems of transformation and reformation, humanization and harmonization of urbanized environment of an urban dweller (Homo urbanus), including in Ukraine.