Spontaneous and regular models of fortified cities of Ukraine in the 16th–17th centuries
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Date
2020-10-10
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Видавництво Львівської політехніки
Lviv Politechnic Publishing House
Lviv Politechnic Publishing House
Abstract
На українських прикордонних землях були запроваджені принципи ранньомодерного європейського
урбанізму, який, насамперед, включав оборонний компонент у XVI–XVII століттях. Інвентарні документи та
дослідження того часу свідчать про те, що наявність оборонних споруд навколо населених пунктів визначалася
статусом міста, що дало привілеї та обов’язки захищати та зберігати укріплення міста та замку. Однак присутність
архаїчних давньоруських традицій продовжувался на землях Поділля аж до 18 століття, що підтверджується
інвентарними планами, зробленими картографами Російської імперії після Другого поділу Речі Посполитої.
Ми розрізняємо два основні типи укріплень, які лягли в основу містобудування та вплинули на його міську модель.
Перший ми називаємо стихійним – він формувався без будь-якого цілісного плану; другий тип – регулярним – розташування системи оборони, ринкової площі та сакральних споруд було розроблено відповідно до попередньо ретельно
розробленого плану.
Методика авторів базується на тому факті, що планувальна структура історичного міста була незмінною
протягом XVI–XVII століть, а роботи над реликтами автентичного планування збереглися до наших днів (згадані вище
“кадастрові відбитки”). Стабільність планувальної структури залежала від таких факторів: 1) повільний процес
колонізації в прикордонних районах і, як наслідок, низький приріст міст, 2) недостатнє фінансування модернізації міських
укріплень власником, власником або державою, 3) стабільна система управління майном нерухомості, яка регулювала
розміри земельних ділянок.
Ця систематизація вказує на те, що застосування регулярних принципів у фундаменті міста на кордоні степу є
винятком, а не звичним явищем. На території між річками Дністра та Бугом ми виявили 15 міст та укріплень, що
мають особливості регулярного планування, та 148 – стихійні.
The Ukrainian frontier lands have introduced the principles of early-modern European urbanism which primarily included a defense component in the 16th–17th centuries. The inventory papers and studies of that time indicate that the presence of defense structures around the settlements was determined by the city status, which gave privileges and responsibilities to defend and keep both the city and castle fortifications. However, the presence of archaic ancient Kievan Rus’ traditions continued in the lands of Podillia up to the 18th century, which is proved by the inventory plans taken by cartographers of the Russian Empire after the Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. We distinguish between the two main types of fortifications which formed the basis of urban development and influenced their urban model. The first one is called spontaneous – it was formed without any integral plan; the second type is a regular one – the location of the defense system, market square, and sacral structures was designed according to the carefully developed plan. The basis of our research methodology is the fact that the planning structure of the historic city was invariable during the 16th–17th centuries and the works on the relics of ancient planning that have been preserved up to present (mentioned above cadastral prints). The stability of a design structure depended on the following factors: 1) slow colonization process in the border areas and, as a result, low urban growth 2) insufficient funding of the modernization of urban fortifications by the owner, possessor or the state 3) stable estate property management system which regulated the size of the plots. This systematization indicates that the application of regular principles in the city foundation on the steppe border is an exception rather than the usual phenomenon. On the territory between rivers Dniester and Bug we identified 15 cities and fortifications having features of regular planning, and 148 – spontaneous. Thus, the two models of urban development of the Ukrainian cities located on the steppe border in the 16th–17th centuries are analyzed. The analysis proves a close interrelation between the model of urban development and its defense system. It is defined three plans of urban development of border cities: 1. Conservation of urban planning structure of spontaneous planning due to economic stagnation or inappropriateness in the modernization of urban fortifications (Vinnytsia, Bratslav, Khmilnyk). 2. Development of a new city using the idea in cruda radice according to modern principles of fortifications of the 17th century and principles of regular city planning (Yampil, Rashkiv, Kalush). 3. Combination of old spontaneous and regular model principles of urban development in the process of modernization. The proposed method of identification of city elements by cadastral prints can be used only in combination with a careful evaluation of information on the settlement history, and by comparing it with historical context and events, as well as with a full-scale survey of preserved relics on the area.
The Ukrainian frontier lands have introduced the principles of early-modern European urbanism which primarily included a defense component in the 16th–17th centuries. The inventory papers and studies of that time indicate that the presence of defense structures around the settlements was determined by the city status, which gave privileges and responsibilities to defend and keep both the city and castle fortifications. However, the presence of archaic ancient Kievan Rus’ traditions continued in the lands of Podillia up to the 18th century, which is proved by the inventory plans taken by cartographers of the Russian Empire after the Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. We distinguish between the two main types of fortifications which formed the basis of urban development and influenced their urban model. The first one is called spontaneous – it was formed without any integral plan; the second type is a regular one – the location of the defense system, market square, and sacral structures was designed according to the carefully developed plan. The basis of our research methodology is the fact that the planning structure of the historic city was invariable during the 16th–17th centuries and the works on the relics of ancient planning that have been preserved up to present (mentioned above cadastral prints). The stability of a design structure depended on the following factors: 1) slow colonization process in the border areas and, as a result, low urban growth 2) insufficient funding of the modernization of urban fortifications by the owner, possessor or the state 3) stable estate property management system which regulated the size of the plots. This systematization indicates that the application of regular principles in the city foundation on the steppe border is an exception rather than the usual phenomenon. On the territory between rivers Dniester and Bug we identified 15 cities and fortifications having features of regular planning, and 148 – spontaneous. Thus, the two models of urban development of the Ukrainian cities located on the steppe border in the 16th–17th centuries are analyzed. The analysis proves a close interrelation between the model of urban development and its defense system. It is defined three plans of urban development of border cities: 1. Conservation of urban planning structure of spontaneous planning due to economic stagnation or inappropriateness in the modernization of urban fortifications (Vinnytsia, Bratslav, Khmilnyk). 2. Development of a new city using the idea in cruda radice according to modern principles of fortifications of the 17th century and principles of regular city planning (Yampil, Rashkiv, Kalush). 3. Combination of old spontaneous and regular model principles of urban development in the process of modernization. The proposed method of identification of city elements by cadastral prints can be used only in combination with a careful evaluation of information on the settlement history, and by comparing it with historical context and events, as well as with a full-scale survey of preserved relics on the area.
Description
Keywords
укріплення, регулярні принципи, кордон, кадастрові відбитки, оборона, Поділля, fortifications, regular, border, cadastral footprint, defence, Podillia
Citation
Cherkes B. Spontaneous and regular models of fortified cities of Ukraine in the 16th–17th centuries / Bohdan Cherkes, Iliia Lytvynchuk // Architectural Studies. — Lviv : Lviv Politechnic Publishing House, 2020. — Vol 6. — No 1. — P. 1–9.