Архітектура. – 2016. – №856
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/39985
Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка"
У збірнику наукових праць опубліковано результати науково-дослідних робіт професорсько-викладацького складу Інституту архітектури Національного університету “Львівська політехніка”, а також архітектурних шкіл інших вищих навчальних закладів. У публікаціях розглянуто актуальні проблеми теорії та практики у галузі архітектури, містобудування і дизайну. Для студентів, аспірантів, докторантів, наукових, науково-педагогічних працівників та спеціалістів, які працюють у галузі архітектури.
Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка". Серія: Архітектура : збірник наукових праць / Міністерство освіти і науки України, Національний університет "Львівська політехніка ; голова редакційно-видавничої ради Н. І. Чухрай. – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016. – № 856. – 243 с. : іл.
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Item Категорії біле та чорне в теорії та практиці архітектурної композиції(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Демків, М. В.; Черняєва, В. М.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Формулюється поняття “категорій білого та чорного” в архітектурі, виділяються композиційні схеми на основі проведеного аналізу колористики архітектурних об’єктів минулого і сьогодення. Розглядається специфіка формотворення композиційних схем білого та чорного. Особливу увагу приділено архітектурним об’єктам кінця ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. та відзначено композиційні особливості білого та чорного в них. Due to their special semantic richness, psychological, philosophical, cultural, ethical and aesthetic significance white and black have been actively used in everyday life and art for many ages. Since “white” is an achromatic color that reflects the maximum amount of light, and “black” is an achromatic color that absorbs the maximum amount of light, they are extreme expressions of the same, and both are identical. In architectural compositions they are represented by categories of white on white, black on black, white on black, and black on white. There is one more category present in practice, where white equals black - the category of white and black. We can say that in the architecture of ancient cultures and civilizations white and black could be frequently found in the wall paintings, specific architectural details could be highlighted with these colors on the facades of houses. They were presented by regular stonework on the facades of churches in the Middle Ages. In the epoch of Renaissance, a common architectural technique was a breaking a light plane with contrasting dark stripes, which compiled a geometric pattern of squares, diamonds, lines, frames, rings (Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, San Miniato al Monte, the Baptistery of Saint John in Florence, the Chapel of San Galgano in Monte Siena, Sardinia churches and temples in Tuscany). Under the influence of avant-garde art in the twentieth century white and black are becoming the expression of modernity, the integral parts of compositions in certain areas of architecture, such as minimalism, cubism, high-tech, op-art, conceptualism, they act as accents and dominants in the architectural environment of many cities. They could also be found in functionalism, constructivism and suprematism, since they best express simple spatial patterns and shapes, reveal the silhouette and volume of the building, set orientation in space. Shapes of black and white categories are presented in architecture by compositional schemes. The basic geometric shapes that form these compositional schemes are square, triangle, circle and line. Both main and derivative shapes can make the basis of compositional scheme in architectural practice. Moreover, various operations are carried out with the main shape, thus its transformation into derivative one takes place. These operations include: assimilation with another shape, change of plastics, change of proportions, change of twist, change of rhythm, transfer to the grid structure, intersection, comparison, deformation and overlaying. What is more, each shape undergoes not one, but several operations. If we consider the derivative compositional schemes, where a shape-building element is “square”, the basic operations in their creation can be assimilation, transfer to the grid structure and comparison. The rest of the compositional schemes are formed on the basis of their transformation. The most common operations on changing the basic shape of “circle” is assimilation to the line and square, transfer to the grid structure, comparison and conversion. Compositional schemes based on triangle are formed as the result of operations on assimilation to the square and the line, deformation, change of proportions and rhythms, transfer to the grid structure, and comparison. For transformation of the “line” the compositional schemes frequently use such operations as change of direction, plastics, thickness, grid structure formation, change of rhythm. With different ratio of categories of white and black in the compositions of architecture one can generate different perceptions, sense of architecture, which is one of the main tasks of an architect. Using such techniques, without resorting to the unique three-dimensional and constructive solutions, we can distinguish architectural objects from the crowd, create spatial landmarks and harmonize urban environment, make it integral, introduce statics and dynamism, optical illusions able to capture the attention, give an extraordinary, vivid, emotionally-saturated image to the building. One compositional scheme with the use of the defined categories of white and black allows achieving different images of the building. The issue of this relation remains open; its studying will make it possible to show new sides of the white and black categories in the architectural image making.Item Європейський досвід збереження та використання постіндустріальних об’єктів(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Демків, М. В.; Готь, О. А.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Розглянуто досвід збереження архітектури промислових об’єктів міст Європи. Визначено напрямки розвитку сучасних тенденцій збереження та використання промислової архітектури. The article considers the experience in preserving the architecture of industrial facilities in the European cities. The author has established the directions to develop the modern trends of preserving and use of the industrial architecture. He has described the factors affecting the industrial heritage status. Yet it has been distinguished, that one of the key historical factors is the movement from the industrial to the informative society. That caused the decline of many industrial facilities, elements of which have some architectural and historical value. The author has also highlighted such factor as a modern thoughtless use of the industrial architecture. Such approach may lead to the destruction and loss of the valuable architectural heritage. Thus, under such circumstances, the main task of architects is to restore the functioning of postindustrial facilities by means of giving the new functions to them because such facilities are considered to have a potential to promote development of the modern cities nowadays. The author has taken four facilities for example to examine the modern experience in the use and preservation of industrial architecture in the European cities. There has been analysis of the architectural and urban characteristics of each facility. Then, he has paid considerable attention to the reconstruction and restoration methods as well as to the modern function that should be the basis of preservation and use of such buildings. The Gasholders in Vienna have firstly served to analyze them as a facility, which is an interesting example of integration of the modern function into historic industrial building. The article considers the methods applied for adaptation of the four gasholders to accommodate a complete multifunctional complex inside. This complex is located outside the city core. It is a point of attraction in the former industrial area and contributes to its development. The following example, which the author has analyzed in the article, is the Granary (built in the 19th century) on Abby Road in London. For a long time this building has been remained neglected and demanded protection from destruction. The project brought the commercial function in it. It is important that the complex has become a significant component in the social centre of the area. The article has considered the project of a multimedia library in the French town of Erstein with the population, which does not exceed 10 thousand people. The old former mill has become a significant facility in the life of the small town. It provides young people with the possibility of useful and interesting leisure activities. Such peculiarity is very important for towns where there is a trend towards the ageing of the population. The author considers the Eastern European experience on the example of the city of Łódź. Power station ES-1 is one of the largest postindustrial complexes that have acquired the new life. The power station premises occupy the most territory of the block where it is located. After reconstruction, there was created a large community center that could bring back to life the completely industrial area. Analysis of the foreign experience has proved that preserving and use of the historical industrial architecture is quite common in Europe. The architects use almost the similar methods while integrating the modern functions. In particular, there is a trend to preserve the exterior of the building and to emphasize the architecture value as well as to clean the indoor spaces. Such tendencies freely allow providing any building with the new destination. Key words: post-industrial object, preservation, using, experience.