Архітектура. – 2016. – №856
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/39985
Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка"
У збірнику наукових праць опубліковано результати науково-дослідних робіт професорсько-викладацького складу Інституту архітектури Національного університету “Львівська політехніка”, а також архітектурних шкіл інших вищих навчальних закладів. У публікаціях розглянуто актуальні проблеми теорії та практики у галузі архітектури, містобудування і дизайну. Для студентів, аспірантів, докторантів, наукових, науково-педагогічних працівників та спеціалістів, які працюють у галузі архітектури.
Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка". Серія: Архітектура : збірник наукових праць / Міністерство освіти і науки України, Національний університет "Львівська політехніка ; голова редакційно-видавничої ради Н. І. Чухрай. – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016. – № 856. – 243 с. : іл.
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Item In memoriam Ігоря Івановича Середюка(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Проскуряков, В. І.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Робота присвячена пам’яті одного з яскравих представників Львівської архітектурно школи професора І. І. Середюка. The article is dedicated to the memory of one of the brightest representatives of the Lviv School of Architecture Professor I. I. Seredyuk.Item Архітектурні та історичні особливості Духовно-просвітницького центру УГКЦ в с. Скнилів(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Стоцько, Р. З.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Висвітлено і проаналізовано історичні аспекти, сучасний стан та перспективи розвитку архітектури комплексу будівель Духовно-просвітницького центру Української Греко-Католицької Церкви ім. Митрополита Андрея Шептицького в с. Скнилів Пустомитівського району Львівської області; подано пропозиції щодо архітектурно- планувальної організації цього центру в контексті інтеграції духовної освіти у навчальні програми Скнилівської сільської школи та дитсадка. The article highlights and analyzes the historical aspects, the current state and the perspectives for development of the architectural building complex of the Theological Educational Center of the Greek Catholic Church named after Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi in Sknyliv. It gives suggestions concerning the architectural and planning organization of the above mentioned Center within the framework of integrating theological education with secular educational institutions of the village. During the period of social upheaval, it is particularly important to restore the spiritual core of our nation by creating theological and educational centers that would act as structures integrating theological and secular education. One of such centers named after Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi appeared in Sknyliv, Pustomyty district, Lviv region, on the lands that were bought by the Metropolitan in early XX c. for establishing monasteries and attached schools. The architectural component of this socially significant project requires conducting profound research and giving suggestions regarding space organization, building design and stylistic decisions for the whole theological and educational complex. In the light of new ideas of economic, political and social life decentralization, the Ukrainian society pays more and more attention to the development of small towns and villages. Sknyliv is one of such unique settlements with rich spiritual history, which should be investigated in different aspects. In the year of 150th anniversary of birth of a great spiritual leader of Halychyna Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi, the current article raises for the first time the question of restoring Theological Educational Center founded by the Metropolitan before the World War II. It investigates the history and architecture of buildings of the mentioned center and highlights the perspectives for development of architectural and planning organization of the spiritual, educational and cultural center of Sknyliv village. The rich and dramatic history of the Sknyliv village, as well as the events unfolding in different time and space, which are connected with the figure of the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi and his aspiration to develop education on the religious grounds encourage us to conduct the scientific research and implement the conception of the united theological and humanitarian education by means of creating the theological and educational center in the Sknyliv village and designing the architecture of the center bearing in mind the historical aspects, the modern theological and educational needs of the community and the project vision of the village development and the spiritual life of its citizens. The research of the historic events, the activity of the proclaimed public figures, the spiritual and social life of Sknyliv and its architecture has shown that the architectural and space-planning design and the artistic and stylistic solutions of the buildings, constructions and spaces of the theological and educational center depend on multiple factors, the most important among which are the following: spiritual and historic factor, cityplanning factor, functional factor, nature-climatic factor, national architectural and building traditions factor and economic factor. Taking into account the influence of the above mentioned factors on the architecture of the theological and educational center of the Sknyliv village, it is recommended to consider the following conditions in the process of designing the buildings, constructions and spaces of the center: the mandatory list of the existing and planned objects, the required set of accommodations therein, the provision of the necessary facilities on site, the dominant feature of which should be the monument of the Metropolitan Andrey with the cobweb of alleys, the design of recreation zones and installation of small architectural forms, the arrangement of transport entrances and parking lots, and the general stylistic combination of the existing objects with those that are planned.Item Деструктивні та позитивні перспективи популярного образу ідеального міського житла(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Франків, Р. Б.; Лисенко, О. Ю.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Розкрито проблему деструктивного потенціалу популярних уявлень про ідеал міського помешкання та розглянуто можливість його позитивної реалізації у формі мікроландшафтної житлової будівлі підвищеної поверховості. Urban history since the Industrial Revolution and the growth of urban population is actually a history of attempts to reconcile two conflicting principles: social attractiveness of a high people concentration in one place and personal desire to expand his own living space. The apparent inability to fill the entire urban fabric whith formation that meet these conditions was the cause of the social and pricing fragmentation, in which humanistic elements (recreational, green, public areas) could exist only on condition of compliance with legal prohibitions and restrictions designed to keep them from expansion commercial development. In a society with low adherence to law and therefore a violation of the prohibitions that restrict unruled development, the desire to get closer to the ideal of standard urban apartments leads to reduction of humanistic elements of urban fabric. Among the conceptual approaches dedicated to rethinking of optimal form of urban development can is the type of residential skyscraper that exists both in the traditional form of housing rise buildings, and in the form of experiments, combining it with various forms of self-sufficient vertical systems with a large number of spot planting and clusters landscaping. In the context of experiments with vertical self-sufficient landscape structures, we can talk about a new set of features that allows to start a new phase of research on sustainable urban living environment. The main starting position here are the following: a) wider demands of individualized personality to living environment (main factors here is to increase the time spent at home because of the spread of flexible mode of employment and, consequently, increasing requirements for functional and aesthetic diversity of design range premises) ; b) the social problem of isolation of the individual or family in vertical structures (main factors here is an attempt to restore traditional communal values, characteristic horizontal residential settlements and psychologically necessary for the normal individual or family); c) tendency to selfsufficient separate apartments, separated from the general urban system utilities (main factor here is the development of ecological energy sources and their adaptation to a particular individual user scale). As a result, we can talk about the actual process of rethinking the functional and spatial parameters of urban housing, and finding new ways to turn it on fabric of urban planning, the nature of which is also under changes. List of conventionally desirable characteristics of this new living environment might look like: a) creation (increase) of working space and adaptation to functional areas of the existing traditional set of rooms (eproximity to the kitchen or recreational area, distance from noise); b) increasing the co-host area for several home employed family members; c) creation of differentiated adjoining areas based on short-term and more frequent escape of nearby residents; d) expansion of individual and recreation space and zones without certain functions within a single apartment; e) development areas for individual energy systems and change of planning and spatial resolution of accommodation to the specifics of their operation. Given the above, it can be placed some of the parameters that should be inherent in high-rise residential building in conditions of Lviv region. Given the climatic conditions, which are characterized by the predominance of westerly winds and microclimate contrast between the northern and southern slopes, planning hypothesis is the formation of a stretched out along the axis of East-West structure, divided into three basic functional parts: a) living area (sleep, work , life); b) green zone (recreation, energy, leisure); c) communications area (general house-space, utilities, etc.) This structure makes expanding the traditional format of apartment components corresponding to the post-industrial way of life – adding micro-landscape zones and creating space for domestic employment. In addition, the composition and geometry of the main components corresponds to the optimal weight for this climate zone. A buffer zone protecting green residential zone of prevailing westerly winds, and the communication area separates it from the cold north. Stretched shape towards the East – West hover minimizes heating and maximizes natural insolation and heating. Further, detailed development of this structure is the subject of next investigations.Item До питання нормування сільської садиби(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Гнесь, Л. Б.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Розглядаються закономірності і тенденції нормування сільської садиби в Україні, залежно від соціально-економічних трансформацій суспільства, що відбувались в ХХ–ХХІ ст. Висвітлюються актуальні проблеми розпланування села в епоху ринкових відносин, обґрунтовуються пропозиції щодо оновлення містобудівних проектних норм ДБН 360-92** “Містобудування. Планування і забудова міських і сільських поселень” стосовно розпланування сельбищних територій сільських поселень. The article raises the issues of updating of urban design standards DBN 360-92** “Urban design. Town and Village Planning” in the part of residential areas planning of a Ukrainian village and a farmstead as the basic structural unit that forms these residential areas. It has been revealed that the project of new town planning standards do not consider the fact of radical changes in the social and economic structures of the country, it has not been taken into consideration that there was a transition to a market economy, that the land and administrative and territorial reforms were made, that Ukraine has joined the WTO and headed for EU integration and also other innovations. However, the planning of rural ares is still being proposed to base on outdated socialist approaches which were grounded on the ideological postulates entirely oriented towards collective forms of agriculture and which did not take a villager as a farm owner but, in fact, destroyed the sence of being an owner. Therefore, for a more complete understanding of how to develop new urban design standards it is important to track regularities of evolution of formation in Ukraine of traditional rural buildings, farmsteads, streets and also standards features of rural development and farmsteads particularly in XIX–XX centuries in different social and economic formations (Russian, Austro-Hungarian building standards and regulations in XVIII–XIX centuries, Soviet standards in the twentieth century). It was established that during the NEP, when 98 % of farms were individual homesteads, area norms (0.35 hectares) and estates parameters met the needs of a household maintaining and mainly followed the tradition of international standardization. Retrospective of socialist standardization of farmstead development during collectivization (from 30th to 80th years of XX century) in Ukraine showed a gradual reduction of a farmstead area (up to 0,12–0,08 hectares) and parameters. Such areas and parameters minimization of farmsteads made impossible doing of traditional expended household and actually resulted in the destroying of a strong Ukrainian owner, which was a goal of socialist ideology, indeed. Then, during the next two or three generations Ukrainian village lost its identity as a formation which combined functions for dwelling and agricultural production. In fact, nowadays a village is transformed into a cottage sleeping settlement, in which features of agricultural production no more exist or they are within the limits of old generation enthusiasm. This situation leads to breaking of traditions and farming culture, lack of work in countryside, which in its turn leads to alcoholism, migration of young people to cities and finaly – to further degradation of a village. In conclusions there are amendments to the new design standards “Urban design. Town and Village Planning” which would encourage designers to create such planning solution that would provide two main functions in a rural settlement – dwelling and agricultural production (and not only agricultural), and also stimulate creation and development of extended services like social and consumer services, recreation, farm tourism which could be formed on the basis of self-organization of rural communities and business activity of local people.Item Категорії біле та чорне в теорії та практиці архітектурної композиції(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Демків, М. В.; Черняєва, В. М.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Формулюється поняття “категорій білого та чорного” в архітектурі, виділяються композиційні схеми на основі проведеного аналізу колористики архітектурних об’єктів минулого і сьогодення. Розглядається специфіка формотворення композиційних схем білого та чорного. Особливу увагу приділено архітектурним об’єктам кінця ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. та відзначено композиційні особливості білого та чорного в них. Due to their special semantic richness, psychological, philosophical, cultural, ethical and aesthetic significance white and black have been actively used in everyday life and art for many ages. Since “white” is an achromatic color that reflects the maximum amount of light, and “black” is an achromatic color that absorbs the maximum amount of light, they are extreme expressions of the same, and both are identical. In architectural compositions they are represented by categories of white on white, black on black, white on black, and black on white. There is one more category present in practice, where white equals black - the category of white and black. We can say that in the architecture of ancient cultures and civilizations white and black could be frequently found in the wall paintings, specific architectural details could be highlighted with these colors on the facades of houses. They were presented by regular stonework on the facades of churches in the Middle Ages. In the epoch of Renaissance, a common architectural technique was a breaking a light plane with contrasting dark stripes, which compiled a geometric pattern of squares, diamonds, lines, frames, rings (Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, San Miniato al Monte, the Baptistery of Saint John in Florence, the Chapel of San Galgano in Monte Siena, Sardinia churches and temples in Tuscany). Under the influence of avant-garde art in the twentieth century white and black are becoming the expression of modernity, the integral parts of compositions in certain areas of architecture, such as minimalism, cubism, high-tech, op-art, conceptualism, they act as accents and dominants in the architectural environment of many cities. They could also be found in functionalism, constructivism and suprematism, since they best express simple spatial patterns and shapes, reveal the silhouette and volume of the building, set orientation in space. Shapes of black and white categories are presented in architecture by compositional schemes. The basic geometric shapes that form these compositional schemes are square, triangle, circle and line. Both main and derivative shapes can make the basis of compositional scheme in architectural practice. Moreover, various operations are carried out with the main shape, thus its transformation into derivative one takes place. These operations include: assimilation with another shape, change of plastics, change of proportions, change of twist, change of rhythm, transfer to the grid structure, intersection, comparison, deformation and overlaying. What is more, each shape undergoes not one, but several operations. If we consider the derivative compositional schemes, where a shape-building element is “square”, the basic operations in their creation can be assimilation, transfer to the grid structure and comparison. The rest of the compositional schemes are formed on the basis of their transformation. The most common operations on changing the basic shape of “circle” is assimilation to the line and square, transfer to the grid structure, comparison and conversion. Compositional schemes based on triangle are formed as the result of operations on assimilation to the square and the line, deformation, change of proportions and rhythms, transfer to the grid structure, and comparison. For transformation of the “line” the compositional schemes frequently use such operations as change of direction, plastics, thickness, grid structure formation, change of rhythm. With different ratio of categories of white and black in the compositions of architecture one can generate different perceptions, sense of architecture, which is one of the main tasks of an architect. Using such techniques, without resorting to the unique three-dimensional and constructive solutions, we can distinguish architectural objects from the crowd, create spatial landmarks and harmonize urban environment, make it integral, introduce statics and dynamism, optical illusions able to capture the attention, give an extraordinary, vivid, emotionally-saturated image to the building. One compositional scheme with the use of the defined categories of white and black allows achieving different images of the building. The issue of this relation remains open; its studying will make it possible to show new sides of the white and black categories in the architectural image making.Item Містобудівні та адміністративні проблеми паркування у центральній частині Львова(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Тупісь, С. П.; Любицький, Р. І.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”На основі натурних досліджень паркування у центральній частині Львова були виділені основні проблеми, серед яких – відсутність правил і умов на більшості опрацьованої території, стоянки автомобілів “під знаками”, нераціональна планувальна організація паркомісць, стихійне паркування на тротуарах та відсутність належного контролю за дотриманням паркувальних правил. Наголошується на тому, що проблеми паркінгів спричиняються планувальними недоліками та недосконалим управлінням. At first sight, the amount of parking lots in the central part of Lviv does not meet the demand, that is why most of drivers argue that it is necessary to build more parkings. Researching deeper, it becomes clear that the problem is not only in the parking amount. The disordered parkings lead to the transport and pedestrian traffic complication and sometimes even full collapse. The absence of terms and conditions at most “unofficial” on-street parkings often forces car drivers to circle in the search of the free unoccupied parking lot, creating transport network overloading. The amount of car owners in Ukraine is 220 motor vehicles per 1000 inhabitants in comparing to 580 in Poland or 588 in Germany, but it is obvious that parking problems in Lviv, especially in the central part, is more urgent. These problems consist of the lack of parking management and deficient planning organization. Car is not the only transport possibility in the city – public transport, bicycle and walking are always available for everyday needs. Historic European cities realized that without balanced use of different transport types it is impossible to achieve the sustainable development. Hence, in the cities with welldeveloped and convenient transport infrastructure, using car is the “expensive pleasure”. In order to create the parking network, it is necessary for the city to have the developed street and road network. Because of the incompleteness of Lviv’s ring roads, the traffic is forced to cross the central part of the city. It is important to complete these ring roads in order to create the parking zones and parkand-ride facilities, giving the possibility to regulate parking in the central part of Lviv. The main parking type in the central part of Lviv is on-street parking. These parkings, often chaotically, are present at almost all of streets. Only few off-street parking facilities are available. During site examination, authors decided to separate existent on-street parking into 4 groups: 1. Determined parkings zones – official free and pay parkings, lots for disabled and workers/visitors; 2. Unprohibited parking places – free parkings that don’t obstruct traffic and aren’t banned by road signs “no parking” or “no stopping”; 3. Prohibited parking places – parkings under the road signs “no parking” or “no stopping”; 4. Disordered parking places – parkings on sidewalks or lawns. Additionally, the on-street parking projects, provided by Lviv city council, were analyzed. It was found, that the half of the proposed parkings for the central part of the city were free. Authors counted the potential income that city loses. Due to the large number of unplanned and disordered parkings, in the central part of Lviv arise such problems as blocking (or complication) of traffic, “double parking”, parking on sidewalks and lawns, parkings near crossroads and pedestrian crossings, dangers of pedestrians and cyclists. Any parking system cannot work without constant control of the parking rules violation. In Lviv, the police is responsible for this, but European experience shows the necessity of separate controlling service creation which will have the permit of fines issuing, even without presence of driver. Inevitability of the fine payment has to be ensured. The parking problem solution needs the integration of the planning and administrative efforts in order to develop the complex parking network of Lviv. Besides, defining of the Lviv’s central part role in the parking network is necessary and every street has to be analyzed for the possibility of “legal” parkings creation.Item Міські герби в оздобленні фасадів будівель міста Львова(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Цюпа, М. С.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Проаналізовано геральдичний декор, що зображає герб міста на фасадах будівель Львова. На основі власних емпіричних досліджень та фотофіксації збережених у Львові зразків геральдичного декору проаналізовано історичний аспект формування та застосування гербів в архітектурі. Описано стильові особливості розвитку геральдичного декору та проведено класифікацію геральдичного декору. In the article analyzed heraldic decoration depicting a coat of arms on the facades of Lviv’s buildings. We describe stylistic features of heraldic decoration, described the classification of materials and classification heraldic decoration. Works of heraldic décor historically and artistically represent the epoch of their creation. Heraldric compositions is the symbols of the city or the founders of various buildings and facilities constitute an integral part of Lviv architecture. Lviv emblem is one of the oldest Ukrainian city signs. The emblem depicts a lion which is a major figure and a symbol of the city. The coat of arms of the city of Lviv features a golden lion beneath a city gate in a blue field. The lion was a traditional symbol of the city throughout the ages. Initially it was used as a seal in the court. The first such depictions occurred on 13th-century seals. The earliest known emblem of the city features a lion passant through a city gate pointed with three towers. It was featured on a city council seals, used by the magistrate in 1359 and later. In 1526 Polish king Sigismund the Old of Poland formally accepted the coat of arms. After the capture of the Kingdom of Poland Lviv city began to use the mark on flags, facades of the buildings, books, in trade and so on. In 1586 bishop Jan Dymitr Sulikowski,royal diplomat and a bishop of Lwów, as the city was called back then, was accepted on an audience by the Pope Sixtus V. The emblem of the city has changed over the years, new pieces were added, but in the center of the composition there always was a lion at the gate. In this form it was preserved till our times. At present a great deal of works of heraldic décor on the facades of Lviv buildings need restoration. Restoration of the old city sign gave rise to a new stage of Ukrainian municipal heraldry. Analyzing saved emblems can be divided into three groups: The first group includes heraldic composition XVII. This signs are made of stone and placed in homes and other buildings; the second is the heraldic composition placed on educational institutions, mainly schools and gymnasiums, made in the XIX century. third heraldic composition is placed on the administrative and public buildings XVIII–XX centuries. Based on field research revealed that the heraldic composition belonging to the first group are made of stone, the herb are placed on a round disk with Latin inscriptions or laurel wreath. Stone emblems placed on the walls of apartment buildings on the 13 Serbian St., and 28, 36 Staroevreyska St. Heraldic composition belonging to the second group, placed on the facade of the Gothic schools on boards or cartouche with curls. They include former female school of Queen Jadwiga on 10 Shevchenko Pr., School St. Anne on 2 Leontovych. St., former school of A. Mickiewicz on 15 Theatralna St., former City School of Tadeusz Chatsky on 10 Tamanska St., School of Bartholomew Zimorovycha on 171 Lychakivska St., formerly School of Nicholas Ray on 6 Chornovola Pr., a former female professional school on the 8–10 Zelena St., the former Industrial School on 47 Snopkivska St., a former school of Piramovych on 17 Pidvalna st., school of Stashytsya on the 45 Lesya Ukrayinka st. The herbs belonging to the third group placed on administrative and public buildings, it is a Town Hall of Lviv on 1 Runok Sq., Fire Strantion on 6 Pidvalna st., the National Museum on 10 Liberty Pr., Central Station house on 1 Dvirceva Sq., the former home of the Chamber of Commerce in 17–19 Shevchenko Pr., Lviv department of civil registration on 157 Franko St. Heraldic compositions located on the pediments, walls or above the main entrance. Some heraldic composition of this group are decorated with sculptural design. After analyzing the principles of conservation of architecture and heraldic decoration in Europe and Lviv, we can say that the heradicl decoration is an integral part of the buildings, historical monuments and the art. Preservation of monuments is an important task because today a lot of buildings, areas and samples of decoration on the facades of Lviv buildings need restoration.Item Неокласицизм в архітектурі Італії міжвоєнного часу: естетика "Ritorno all'ordine" і рух "Novecento Іtaliano"(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Лінда, С. М.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Сформовано та розвинено неокласичну традицію в архітектурі Італії у міжвоєнний період на прикладі руху “Novecento Italiano” у Мілані. Показано ідеологічні передумови формування естетики руху, найважливіші представники та програмні реалізації. The peculiarity of the political life in Italy of interwar period was that Italy was the first country in Europe where totalitarian regime was established. According to that, neoclassicism in its Italian version was one of the first examples of their own interpretation of the classical heritage in the ideological context. The difficult economic situation, the weakness of the liberal government in Italy after World War I led to the rapidly growing popularity of far-right political forces that led to the rise to power of the Fascist party led by B. Mussolini in 1922. Fascists linked the idea of creating a new state with the nationalist idea of “Greater Italy”, renewal of which was only possible through strong, purposeful people. Because B.Mussolini almost never spoke about what should be fascist art and architecture, artists began to seek the starting point for the establishment of fascist aesthetics in the formulations that were in party programs and numerous speeches. The official propaganda accents were made on the old national myths about the revival of the nation, the “Third Rome” and the grandeur of the Italian empire. The statement єreturn to orderє – to “ritorno all'ordine” – became the basis for the implementation of the myths.That is why, the classical heritage of the Ancient Rome became a very important source for architects to create a new fascist architecture. On the wave of calls for a new order, based on the classical heritage, an artistic movement “Novecento Italiano” was formed in Milan in 1922. It also included architects. Italian architects “Novechento” launched extremely active and productive construction work. One of the first buildings that announced the arrival of a new style, was “Ca 'Brutta”, which was built in 1919–1922 by Giovanni Mucio. Researchers believe this building is not only the first vivid representation of “Novecento Italiano” in architecture, but the starting point for the development of Italian rationalism and for the style “Littorio”, which was formed in Rome in the late 1920s. Apart from Giovanni Muzio, prominent architects of the Milanese neoclassicism of interwar period included Pietro Portaluppi and Paolo Mezzanotte, who designed and built buildings, which powerfully shaped the architectural image of the interwar Milan. Designed by the architect most closely associated with fascism, Marcello Piacentini, the Palace of Justice was the largest building constructed in Milan in the interwar period. Its architectural forms represented a new stage in the development of fascist architecture – style Littorio. Lombard neoclassical architects were among the first ones in interwar Italy who turned to the classical heritage as a source of modern style searches, demonstrating the possibility of expressing the urgent ideological task by the architectural forms of the past. Modernity was not opposed to classical culture, it was the only means of modern interpretation of archetypes. Their creative search showed a plurality from downright historical citations to elegant schemes, abstract geometry of which only referred to the original sources.Item Об’єкти культури як містоутворювальний чинник у розвитку великого міста (зарубіжний досвід)(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Посацький, Б. С.; Грицак, М. М.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Розглянуто об’єкти культури у зарубіжних великих містах, побудовані у 2006–2014 рр., з погляду їх містоутворювального значення, запропоновано їхню класифікацію за багатьма ознаками. Подано основні терміни та поняття. Досліджено функціональне наповнення об’єктів культури (нових бібліотек і музеїв) та їхнє розташування у структурі міста. The cultural function in the modern post-industrial society, where the leading role played by education and science, can have a significant impact on the city or its individual territories, thus acquiring city-forming importance. Today in foreign countries, implemented, designed and is under construction many institutions and cultural objects. In addition to individual cultural buildings, acquire large distribution centers with a developed infrastructure through which cultural activity is important and even dominant in the functional filling of the urban space. The aim of the article is in classification of cultural objects in a number of features that are important from the perspective of urban planning: location in the city; linking with nodes of the town planning structure (functional,transport); linking with the landscape of the city; functional filling; the estimated number of visitors. This will allow to assess the impact of cultural complexes on urban situation and to determine their role in city life. In this article offers an overview of objects that were recently built or those that are under construction in greater cities for a better acquaintance with contemporary global trends. Based on consideration of the characteristics of new museum buildings we can note certain trends. Placing the museum in the structure of the city has no clear patterns as they can be located both in the central part and in the periphery of the city. We have examples when the museum is included in the structure of the existing historical buildings or located in the former industrial area on the outskirts of town. Museums are polyfunctional objects. In addition to storage and exhibition of cultural heritage, they offer visitors a wide range of additional functions: trade, offices, an auditorium for events, training and more. Volumetric composition of the building must motivate visitors to emphasize the individuality of the building. For example, the MAXXI Museum in Rome – the first national museum of modern art in Italy, designed by architects ZahaHadid. The need to provide leisure and cultural development of society was and is relevant,that is why the the cultural objects rapidly developing and starting to play a significant role in the life of a modern city. There is the practice of combining different functions in one building or urban complexes, contributing use these objects for various needs in any time.An example of continuous use the space of cultural objects is a Museum Quarter in Vienna – during the day in museums proceed the exhibition on the territory and various events, and in the evening – a resting place for students and youth.Based on consideration of new buildings of cultural objects – namely libraries and museums, we can note the following conclusions: 1. When designing cultural objects mortgaged an advanced feature set to provide a wide range of community needs. 2. Cultural objects are projected as new intellectual and cultural center of the city, district or quarter. 3. New cultural facilities are a dominant position in space of the city. Libraries and museums are forming on the dominant areas, streets, quarters.Item Особливості архітектури будівель Києво-Могилянської академії у період XVII–XX ст.(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Стоцько, Р. З.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Висвітлено і проаналізовано особливості архітектури комплексу будівель Києво- Могилянської академії періоду XVII–XX ст. у контексті становлення і розвитку духовно- гуманітарної освіти в Україні та виокремлено основні чинники, які найбільше вплинули на формування архітектури духовних, навчальних, житлових, адміністративних і господарських будівель академії. The article highlights and analyzes the architectural peculiarities of the building complex of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” in the XVII–XX century in the context of the formation and development of theological and humanitarian education in Ukraine. It outlines the key factors that have the most profound influence on the architectural formation of the theological, educational, residential, administrative and household buildings of the academy. The historical and architectural building complex of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” emerged as a coherent ensemble in the XVI–XIX c. and together with the Ostroh Academy represented the most ancient and famous higher theological and humanitarian educational institutions in the Eastern Europe. Throughout its long history, the Ukrainian country did not have a more significant educational establishment, which would have a similar profound influence on the development of Ukrainian spirituality, science and culture. For centuries, the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” has been an important factor of the consciousness formation of the Ukrainian nation and a creator of the national inspiration in the fight for the parental faith and the independent state. The architectural and space-planning organization of the building complex of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” depicts the influence of the range of factors. The first one is the spiritual factor. The academy as a theological and educational formation arose on the walls of the Fraternal Monastery and its dominant feature was the Epiphany Cathedral surrounded by the complex of spiritual, educational and household buildings. The second factor can be defined as educational and functional one. This particular factor was major in terms of locating educational and administrative buildings, residential campuses, kitchens, dining room and household buildings and shaped their planning and stylistic peculiarities. The next factor is city-planning, because the building complex of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” is situated in the center of Kyiv and forms the square (known today as the Contract Square). It constitutes the most important feature of the urban space. The natural and climatic factor is the fourth factor, which was involved into the architectural formation of the “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” buildings (roof shapes, wall thickness, window sizes, etc.). The fifth factor, which is called constructive, influenced the usage of such local building materials as stone, wood and rooftops, as well as the implementation of the construction schemes of temples, educational campuses, residential and civil buildings, which were traditional for Kyiv and its suburbs. The sixth factor is the factor of artistic and stylistic decoration, which defined the space-planning organization and stylization of the architectural image of the temple, educational, administrative, residential and household buildings of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”. During the years of reconstruction and reorganization of the FraternalMonastery buildings and later on the “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” the above mentioned factors outlined the architectural and space-planning organization, as well as the artistic stylization of the buildings of the analyzed theological and humanitarian educational complex. The research of the building complex architecture witnessed in the XVII–XX centuries allows referring the proclaimed higher educational institution to the category of theological and humanitarian establishments. The peculiarities of the learning process and the functionality of the academy buildings reveal the inextricable connection of the theological and humanitarian education and the study of natural science. The combination of theological and material knowledge forms the solid educational background and becomes a brilliant starting point for the future professional life of the “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” graduates, who are true Christians and patriots of their land.Item Періоди формування архітектури пасажирських споруд залізниць Закарпаття(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Рочняк, Ю. А.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Досліджуються найхарактерніші архітектурно-пластичні ознаки пасажирських споруд залізниць Закарпаття за основними історичними періодами їхнього формування. The article is concentrated on the most characteristic and primarily exterior architectural and compositional features of station buildings and passenger buildings of Transcarpathian railways according to the main historical periods of their formation. 1. The main historical periods of formation of Transcarpathian passenger buildings architecture, which were reflected in their composition, are determined in this article. Mostly, the periods correspond to state and political formations within this territory: Initial (1872–1914), Interwar (1919/1920–1938), Postwar (1945–1970), New (1970–2000) and Contemporary (from 2000). Wars and changes in the political formations could not be regarded as the positive factor for construction of railway station buildings (1914–1920, 1938–1945, 1991). 2. It was determined that Initial and Post-war periods were characterized by symmetrical composition of the main building, the image of these building matches other civil buildings of that time, facade finish, as well as the whole composition and corresponds to examples of classical buildings. Generic character and unification are confirmed by repeatedness of the use of such architecture in other territories of countries, to which Transcarpathia belonged at that time. This reflects the contemporary views of monarchical Austro-Hungarian (station buildings Batiovo, Berehovo, Bilyn, Lazeshtchyna, Vynohradiv, Vovtchyj, Zan’ka) totalitarian Soviet (Chop, Korolevo, Kosyny, Mukatchevo, Peretchyn, Svalava, Volovets,) centralistic patterns of life and thought. 3. The Interwar Period, when Carpathian Ruthenia belonged to Czechoslovakia (Irshava, Khust), and New Period (Velykyi Bereznyi, new building in Chop) demonstrate some liberty in formation of railway station buildings – no strict symmetry of form, laconism, no or limited number of decorations bring them Lviv Polytechnic National University Institutional Repository http://ena.lp.edu.ua 60 closer to rationalistic architecture. This is more common for residential and utilitarian construction and helps to perceive openness for the user and corresponds to the ideas of democratic communities. 4. The Contemporary Period shows polarity of approaches to architecture of passenger buildings of railway: on the one hand, this is the active visualization of facades, use of decorations, design of interiors that is close to idea of affirmation and pomposity (Uzhhorod, partially Rakhiv), and on the other hand, creating unpretentious canopies over the benches on the platforms (passenger buildings Svydovets, Uzhok). They are implemented by simple technological means, sometimes not very professionally, but as intended for users from remote areas. 5. Transcarpathia is characteristic of small passenger buildings at train stops of asymmetrical composition; some contain distinct arch motifs accompanied with half-open spaces or galleries. They differ in approach: from one-style with a large architectural complex (a stop Karpaty near health resort, the former palace of duke Schönborn near Svalava) to those made due to the typical design and replicated. Those buildings were erected in different periods, apart from the last one (Dobrosilla (it was destroyed 2012), Nevytske, Sil, Tsehlivka, Vorotchevo etc.). 6. By taking to account that the condition of Transcarpathia railway station buildings is satisfactory, there is the lack of quality in nowadays railway platforms of this region — their length and height rarely correspond to the length and height of the wagons, they are often narrow, are not fenced, don’t have easy access to sidewalks, as well as the ramps for wheelchairs and bicycles; coating, marking and labeling do not meet modern understanding; technical condition is average. Railway platforms of Uzhhorod station building and partly the Chop railway building are equipped with underground access, canopies, visual information system and in such a way they are getting close to modern safety requirements and the needs for passengers. On the one hand the small historical passenger building Dobrosilla (Bene) was destroyed and at another hand the new magnificent station building in Uzhhorod was constructed. With the course of time, a series of Transcarpathian station buildings were supplemented with new additions and underwent reconstruction that makes their dating more complicated and requires further research. The study shows temporal, typological and compositional diversity of passenger stations of Transcarpathian railway. They accompany us in the present and represent important architectural and economic achievements. Most of them require preservation, research and modernization as monuments.Item Принципи об`ємно-розпланувального та образного вирішення мансардних поверхів багатоквартирних будинків на прикладі Відня(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Попович, С. Р.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Розглядаються основні принципи об’ємно-планувального та образного вирішення мансардних поверхів, влаштованих на горищних поверхах багатоквартирних будинків, на прикладі натурних обстежень, фотофіксацій та аналізу вирішення мансардних поверхів багатоквартирних будинків у м. Відень, Австрія. Подано рекомендації щодо проектування мансардних поверхів залежно від типу та стилістики оточуючої забудови. Lviv is a city with a rich historical architectural heritage, but it is also a city that is currently growing. Therefore, it is needed a special comprehensive approach to solve problems associated with the reconstruction of attic floors. The analysis of existing mansard and attic floors shows noticeable lack of general harmonious imaginative solutions, primarily due to the completion of chaos, neglect attic floors, usage of different materials and colors coverings. By the way,gv civen the strong demand among residents for placement attics, reconstruction of attic floor is one of the main methods of revitalization of the urban environment. This article discusses the basic principles of volumetric solution and imaginative solutions of mansards, arranged in attic floors of apartment buildings located in the existing built environmenton the example of the results of field surveys, photofixation and analysis of solutions of attic floors of apartment buildings in Vienna, Austria. Roofs form a silhouette of the city, but factors such as chaotic partial reconstruction of attics, design excluding architectonics of surrounding buildings, the use of different types of coating, finishing materials, etc. destroys the harmony of the silhouette of the city. In the paper are listed recommendations for the design of attic floors, depending on the type and style of the surrounding buildings. For example, it is recommended to rehabilitate the whole story, not just part of it, especially given the composition of the building and its location in the street structure. The approaches to scale of reconstruction are various for buildings of different eras. Thus, for historic buildings, protected by UNESCO, it is advisable to renovate the attic floor to the roof volume to improve technical and economic performance, energy-saving buildings, replacement of roof coverings in the same style.The building of 19-20 centuries which is not a monument of architecture, it is permissible to include new volumes, change the shape of the roof, to arrange terraces, landscaping and more. In terms of lack of free sites for new construction in the city, attic reconstruction can become an alternative source of increasing in housing stock, will improve the technical condition of the building and will become part of the revitalization of areas that are in decline.Item Принципи ревалоризації архітектурного ансамблю Василіанського монастиря Преображення Господнього під Бучачем Тернопільської області(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Ремешило-Рибчинська, О. І.; Знак, І. Б.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Визначено основні принципи ревалоризації архітектурних ансамблів монастирів Чину Святого Василія Великого (ЧСВВ) та показано їх використання у процесі розроблення проекту відновлення монастирського ансамблю Преображення Господнього під Бучачем Тернопільської області. At its core, the monastery of St. Basil the Great – is the main form of monasticism. Architecturally they are the complete ensembles of historic, cultural, architectural and artistic value and belong to the historical and architectural heritage of the Ukrainian people. To this day in western Ukraine more than 100 ensembles of monasteries of St. Basil the Great have reached with partially preserved churches, monastery buildings, gardens and parks. However, over the centuries, due to the different historical and political factors, most of these bands were subjected to destruction, and compositional integrity affected by major changes undergone some partial and total destruction and as a result they lost their value in modern society. Unfortunately, they are as objects of study, are still out of sight of restoration science, but they have historical artistic and cultural value. In order to save these architectural monuments back to life, it is necessary to continue to use them, which, of course, involves some modernization and adaptation processing of individual elements with a focus on the needs of modern society. Nowadays it is the actual definition of the basic principles of revalorization of monastic ensembles of St. Basil the Great for processing based on the means of implementation. This will be the basis of their application to restore spatial content of monastic ensembles, which in their turn contribute to the socioeconomic development of the territory and increase their value in modern society. If we want to breathe new life into the building, the only one of the restoration will not be enough, because the monastery ensemble - a harmonious unification residential buildings, commercial and sacred purpose of landscape areas that are formed on the basis of the Order of St. Basil the Great that aesthetically inscribed in landscape. They need the new approaches to their current use. Revalorization (from the French. Revalorisation – the return of the lost value) - an activity designed to bring the real monument to the state in which it is possible to complete perception memorial values. The afdaptation, on the other hand, is an important point, defined the concept of “valorization” close period “revalorization”. This term means “to confer value” or “provide value”. Revalorization of architectural ensembles involves a set of scientifically based measures to identify: the potential of their cultural, social, historical, material value within the region, in order to obtain economic benefits from their recovery and creation of tourism infrastructure; degree of preservation and reproduction of their desired weight authentic functional structure, architectural and artistic image of the historic landscape. For example the project design of reconstruction defense of monastery complex of Transfiguration in Buchach in Ternopil region with usageof it as pilgrimage center, formed new approaches to the use of modern monastery of St. Basil the Great. We also determined the main principles such as the principle of preserving the integrity of borders, preserving the principle of the historical landscape, preservation of stylistic unity principle, the principle of providing new features or interpreting the principle and the principle of rational use will contribute to the sustained movement towards giving them new life. This will be the basis of their application to restore spatial content of monastic ensembles of St. Basil the Great, which in their turn contribute to the socioeconomic development of the territory and increase their value in modern society.Item Проблеми та перспективи зовнішньої реклами в історичному Львові(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Швед, О.; Попович, О.; Лотошинська, Н.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Розробити концепцію творення зовнішнього рекламного оформлення історичної частини міста, яке б відповідало сучасним вимогам дизайну, ергономіки, урбаністики та естетики міського простору. На основі досліджень спроектовано та запропоновано альтернативні варіанти існуючих рекламних вивісок з візуалізацією на архітектурному об’єкті у межах історико-архітектурного заповідника Львова. In conditions of overwhelming information space by various advertising carriers in huge number and size of outdoor advertising media in Ukraine especially in large cities usually exceeds the appropriate amount creating additional information pressure. The concept of creation urban outdoor advertising design must comply with the modern requirements of design, ergonomics, urbanism and aesthetics of city space, where outdoor advertising, visual information and urban environment form the unified harmonious ensemble. Each element of the advertising carrier should be an integral part of the aesthetic design of advertising information and be on a high level of design decisions. Furthermore, there are normative acts provided by the laws of Ukraine, which regulates principles and rules for outdoor advertising in the city. Moreover, it is important to understand that the task of designers involved in the creation of advertising in the historic environment or building, is to avoid of creating visual time dissonance. At the current stage of research and development of advertising for the historic city center raises the question of professional approach and consideration of European experience in setting up the historic area of the city, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Generally, the information concerning the study of specific placement of advertising signs or constructions are mainly artistic or architectural, while informational advertising component, which would include iconographic, analytical and stylistic analysis to create advertising that would harmoniously combined form, content and style with the historic atmosphere of the city are either superficial or generally ignored. Actually, this is the scientific novelty of the chosen subject. The purpose of this research is to develop an algorithm of creating outdoor advertising for the historical city center on the example of designing alternative advertising signs that meet with the modern design principles, municipal advertising laws and respect for their historic context. While designing the outdoor advertising on a historic building the developers’ priority of design solution should be the examples of first advertising, which was installed at the site of the future of design. In order to determine this, it is necessary to explore the history of advertising on the site. For this purpose could be used any source: archives, libraries, internet-museums, etc. The investigation of architectural analogues enables to compensate the absence or lack of photographic materials that would allow to thoroughly study the history of advertising on the studied architectural heritage and, in the absence of earlier advertising on it. Analysis of advertising typographic graphics samples of ХІХ–ХХ century allows to determine the characteristics and aspects of its use in modern design advertising in the historic environment. The study of color advertising is also one of the main priorities in the design in historical city. Considering that the above presented studies due to technology state at the time did not convey full information about historical advertising, such as color and shades of advertising, there is an urgent need to appeal to the iconographic research. Having investigated and evaluated the problem, conducted research summarized in the developed algorithm of creating an urban outdoor advertising design.Structuring the necessary material for making advertising signs that implemented by developed algorithm and its visualization in an assembled catalogue allowing to lay the foundation of outdoor advertising considering the status of the city as a World Heritage property.Item Середовищні музеї як засіб музеєфікації містобудівної спадщини(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Ремешило-Рибчинська, О. І.; Брич, М. Т.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Проаналізовано проблеми охорони історико-культурних пам’яток містобудівної спадщини, їх поєднання з регіоном, суспільством і оточенням. Запропоновано метод збереження пам’яток шляхом музеєфікації і створення на їх основі середовищних музеїв з метою максимального збереження та виявлення їхньої історико-культурної, наукової, художньої цінності. Здійснено спробу класифікації середовищних музеїв. In this article problems of historical and cultural monuments and urban planning heritage protection, their connection with the region, society and environment are analysed. The method of their preservation by way of museumfication and creation of environmental museums on their basis with the aim of preserving and revealing their historical, cultural, scientific and artistic value is proposed. The author attempts to classify environmental museums. Due to the rapid changes in the modern world, the acute question of monument conservation arises. Using historical and cultural heritage is the object of attention of the international community, and conservation is one of the most important factors in the harmonious development of society, all its systems and subsystems. The need to preserve cultural heritage of humanity entails the intensification of modern museum functioning. Museums now refer to new forms of urban heritage conservation. The proposed research is devoted to the environmental museums, where attractions of urban development, most revealing elements of culture, are the main exhibits. Since the architecture is directly linked with the complex synthesis of culture and customs, the monument should not be shown by themselves, but in combination with other related works of material and spiritual culture. Such complexes and ensembles are impossible to perceive, taking each individual object. It is important to consider them in the context of their original appearance and existence. The whole region, where there are several nearby monuments of architecture or town planning, needed to be seen as the holistic museum. Today the trend is a combination of architectural, archaeological and landscape monuments within the protected zones. This means a shift from preservation of individual monuments to museumfication of entire urban complexes, restoration of cultural and historical environment of the past. It is much easier and more efficient to create historical, cultural and architectural reservation, organize museum-reserves based on monuments of architectural and urban planning. The number of newly established environmental museums significantly surpasses the number of traditional museums. Undoubtedly, in the next decade, this tendency will only increase. Creating environmental museums today is an effective means of preserving the material and spiritual values, which helps to represent cultural heritage to the public and properly interpret it. The environmental museum today is the best form to store different types of historical and cultural heritage of architectural and urban planning, as well as to attempt to classify museumficated objects, most of which are very different types of environmental museums. Unfortunately, the current socio-cultural situation in Ukraine is not conducive to the development of the museum network. The problem of inclusion of fallen monuments of architecture and urban planning to modern life remains unresolved.Item У міському просторі: життя і діяльність професора Б. С. Посацького(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Петришин, Г. П.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Окреслено основні життєві віхи професора Б. С. Посацького та становлення його як видатної науково-педагогічної особистості. Оцінено його внесок у розвиток урбаністичної наукової теорії та науково-методичний доробок. Вказано роль професора Б. С. Посацького у формуванні наукової думки та практичної діяльності на розвиток міського простору. Bogdan Posatskyy was born in Rzeszów on June 19, 1942. In June, 1946, after the World War II, he and his family moved to the Lviv city. In 1959 Bogdan Posatskyy finished the high school № 8 and entered the Lviv Polytechnic Institute. In 1961 in Lviv Polytechnic Institute the full-time education and specialty “architecture” at the department of architectural design (then still a part of Engineering and Building Department) was restored. Architecture students were involved in the design of the new Polytechnic objects at Student Design Bureau (SDB). At this time the first educational building and new generation of student dormitories were intensively designed under the guidance of Professor O. I. Selastelnikov and Ptof. V. D. Sydorenko. In September, 1965, after graduation from Lviv Polytechnic Institute, Bogdan Posatskyy started to work as an architect in Lviv’s affiliate of the Ukrainian Research and Design Institute of Agriculture under the guidance of an experienced architect A. I. Bahmatova, who was the graduate of Leningrad Academy of Arts. They were engaged in design of objects which had to supplement preferable the existing historically formed urban fabric of the city. In 1967 he entered the graduate school of Lviv Polytechnic Institute and defended his PhD thesis titled “Historical and architectural complexex in ensemble solving of modern cities (on example of the socialistic reconstruction of small and medium sized cities in the western regions of the USSR)”, under the guidance of PhD. A. M. Rudnuckyy. In 1972 he defended his PhD thesis in Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute. From 1970 Bogdan Posatskyy began his scientific and pedagogical work as assistant of architectural design department, which was the part of EBD. The Architectural Department at Lviv Polytechnic Institute was renewed in 1971, at the same time with Urban Planning Department. At the Urban Planning Department Posatskyy Bogdan went from assistant (1971–1975 years.), senior lecturer (1975–1978 years), associate professor (1978–1993 years.) to professor in 1993. In 2003 he was awarded the academic status: the professor of urban planning department. In 1972 Bogdan Posatskyy was admitted to the National Union of Architects of Ukraine. While working at the Urban Planning Department, Bogdan Posatskyy is constantly engaged in the scientific study of the problems of historical cities urban planning reconstruction of the western region, and highlights his vision in numerous articles and presentations at scientific conferences. In 1982 the associate professor Bogdan Posatskyy was elected as the Chair of Urban Planning Department and re-elected to this post in 1987. During the 1980 and early 1990s, the department staff was working on the state budget scientific theme “The problems of integrated management of the urban environment, the formation of urban development, planning and construction of residential and industrial areas.” At the same time in the 1986-1990 under the leadership of Bogdan Posatskyy the department had performed a complex target program of Ministry of Education of the USSR “Integrated development planning, development and improvement of the city”. The Department intensified its efforts with scientific personnel training. Under the direction of Bogdan Posatskyy the following PhD thesises were defended: I. Ya. Chernyak – “Architectural and planning organization of rural agricultural enterprises (on the example of the western region of the USSR)", graduate student from Syria M. Z. Malla – “Architecture and planning reconstruction of historical destricts of the largest Syria’s cities.”, in 2005 H. R. Kharchuk defended her thesis titled: “Formation of Truskavets architecture in the XIX – early XX century (on the example of resort buildings)”. From 1983–1989 at the Urban Planning Department the Research laboratory № 17 was acting under the scientific and methodological guidance of Bogdan Posatskyy. It performed the economic-contractual scientific themes commissioned by institutions and organizations. Bogdan Posatskyy understood the traditions of Lviv architectural school, which has always been known for advanced methods of teaching and he also was aware of the need to teach students in their native language. At the end of 1970 Bogdan Posatskyy begins to write and publicate the methodological literature, the most important one is tutorial “Urban Bases” wich was republished few times and won the recognition of educators and architects of ukrainian universities. The recognition of his outstanding contributions to Ukrainian architectural architectural education and science has been reflected in his election in 1994 as corresponding member of the Ukrainian Academy of Architecture. During the last decades he is considering a scientific problem of the mutual influence and the overall development of culture and urban structures of the second half of XX century in Western Ukraine. Certain steps of his work were published, particularly, in the Notes of the Shevchenko Scientific Society. The theoretical understanding of problem of the urban space and cultural phenomena interaction was highligheted in the following book: “The City Space and Urban Culture (at the turn of XX–XXI century), Lviv, 2007 and the fundamental collective monograph: “The architecture of Lviv city. “Time and style XIII–XXI c.”, Lviv, 2008. In 2011 Bogdan Posatskyy was honored by his election as a Fellow of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Architecture and Urban Planning Commission, because of his important and multifaceted contributions into the development of Ukrainian architectural science. After the proclamation of the Ukrainian independence, Bogdan Posatskyy was one of the first who started to cooperate with colleagues from architectural schools of Poland. From 1995 he is a member of the International Society of urban planning (UK). Since student years Bohdan Posatskyy has been involved in the architecture and landscape photography. Numerous official delegations and guests who have been visiting Lviv Polytechnic have been getting acquainted with the architecture of the main building of historical and architectural heritage and modernity of the city through the lectures and excursions of Bogdan Posatskyy. In 2016 for significant personal achievements in the development of independent Ukraine, Posatskyy Bogdan Stepanovych – Professor of Urban Planning Department of the Institute of Architecture of the Lviv Polytechnic National University was awarded by the President of Ukraine – with the anniversary medal “25 years of independence of Ukraine”.Item Формування громадських просторів села-курорту Шаян Закарпатської області(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Соснова, Н. С.; Липчей, І. І.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Розглянуто проблеми містобудівного розвитку села-курорту Шаян Закарпатської області. Окреслено планувальні заходи з оптимізації структури села та його громадських просторів. The development of tourism proposes new requirements for the settlements-resorts planning. Primarily, the town-planning principles of the resort settlement forming envisage the developed public space presence. The public space associated with certain activities such as fairs, trade, consumption, communication, walking, contemplation are necessary for villages-resorts. Such a space can be the central square or the main street. In the article the problems of town-planning development of Shayan village-resort of Zakarpattia region are considered. After the analysis of the urban planning conditions and plan limitations of Shayan village the main village-resort development problems were formulated. Firstly, it is the absence of public space, as such, that would comply with the resort settlement requirements. Secondly, the village, as a typical mountain settlement, has a linear structure, accordingly, space of village is formed as transit space. Length of village is 3 350 meters, and width fluctuates from 100 m to 600 meters. Such a space geometry requires formation of small local recreational public spaces inaddition to the main community center. The basic idea of both the spatial and planning structure reorganization of village is the central public space formation as market-place area by modern urban facilities. The market square formation allows to group the main central functions and objects. This urban method of central area accent will increase the village rank and village will gain the informal status of the small town. It is also offered to transfer the traffic from the central part of the village and to form the pedestrian space. The following in the project proposal is the arrangement of urban garden near the market square. Despite the fact that Shayan is surrounded by the forests, the construction of the central cultural landscape which consists of the following: park, boulevard, square, urban garden, will be the attractive element of the central public space. In summary, it must be said that today takes effect concept of the resort urbanization. The recreation needs determine the dynamics of the settlement development. The public spaces of resorts and resort settlements are the first ones that require the modernization. The regulations and recommendations development of public space use will prevent its simplified interpretation.Item Формування міського культурного ландшафту (на прикладі міст Західної України на зламі ХХ–ХХІ ст.)(2016) Посацький, Б. С.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Описано основні етапи формування міського культурного ландшафту міст західноукраїнського регіону впродовж другої половини ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. Впродовж цього періоду можна виділити три характерні періоди, пов’язані із загальними напрямками розвитку архітектури і містобудування: І – 1945–1955, освоєння класичної спадщини у містобудуванні і архітектурі; ІІ – 1956–1990, спрощення містобудівних і архітектурних форм, вузькоутилітарне розуміння ландшафту; ІІІ – 1991 – початок ХХІ ст., плюралізм просторових форм, ущільнення забудови, зменшення природних просторів у містах. Time factor is associated with the formation of the urban landscape. Also it is directed not only to the past but to the future, because the prospect of development should always be taken into consideration in today's decision making process. Aesthetics of urban space clearly reflects the current state of the overall economic development of the city, and in a more general sense of the country as a whole. Formation of the urban cultural landscape in towns of the western region of Ukraine during the second half of ХХ century and at the beginning ofХХІcentury was in line with general trends of architecture and urban planning in Ukraine. During the above mentioned period there were three characteristic periods related to the general trends of architecture and urban planning: 1 – 1945–1955, the development of the classical heritage in urban planning and architecture. In the post-war decade in Soviet architecture there was the defining aspiration to create a complete urban ensembles in classicforms, where the organic component of such ensembles were natural spaces – green areas and elements of water. In Ternopil, Lutsk, Rivne post-war reconstruction and rehabilitat on, taking into account existing spatial situation, led to the formation of new city landscape, which was close to the historical one, especially in the centers of these cities. Instead, in Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Uzhhorod, Chernivtsithe existing cultural heritage led to the preservation of historical urban landscape. 2 – 1956–1990, simplification of urban and architectural forms, narrowly utilitarian understanding of the landscape. This period is characterized by large volumes of industrial and multi-residential building in all regional centers of the Western region. There was a kind of division of the urban landscape into two components in large cities: a –landscape of historic center with architecture and landscape monuments; b – new industrial landscape areas and mass-rise residential buildings. This situation was in Lviv, Ivano- Frankivsk, Lutsk, Rivne, Ternopil, Uzhgorod, Chernivtsi, Drohobych. In some small towns historic urban landscapes have been supplemented with new objects, as was in Gorodok, Zolochiv, Mostys'ka, Sambir, Sokal, Hust.Instead in other towns historic landscapes have been affected by new small-scale buildings, for example in Busk, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Galych, Brody, Ostroh, Radekhiv, Rava-Ruska, Skole. 3 – 1991 – the beginning of XXI century, pluralism of spatial forms, urban compaction, reducing of natural areas in towns. Changes the political system and the introduction of market relations in the economy of Ukraine led to radical changes in urban planning. The state and local authorities as a whole were not ready to harmonize the general public interests with those of many private investors. This led to chaotic different-story building, distortions of cultural urban landscape in many cities in the region and a noticeable reduction of green areas of common use. Apart these features the role of the elements of advertises and urban design has significantly increased in the urban landscape.Item Філософський аспект дуальності технічного та органічного в архітектурі(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Охрім, Х. А.,; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Розглядається дуальна пара технічного та органічного в архітектурі як один із проявів бінарних опозицій у загальнокультурному контексті. Досліджено філо- софський аспект цього феномену та його вплив на діалектичну природу процесів морфогенезу. Охарактеризовано ознаки технічного та органічного в архітектурі різних епох, починаючи від античного періоду й закінчуючи тенденціями середини ХХ ст. Проаналізовано два напрями вирішення естетичних, художніх та інженерно-технічних проблем в архітектурному формотворенні й встановлено, який вплив ці аспекти мали на процеси морфогенезу у відповідну епоху. In the article dual pair of technical and organic aspects in architecture is considered to be a manifestation of binary opposition in general cultural process. Philosophical side of the phenomena and its influence on dialectical nature of morphogenesis process is analyzed. Features of technical and organic in architecture is characterized from antique epoch to the middle of XX century. The notion of dualism in art covers phenomena of intersection of two fundamental classes or principles, that display antagonists features, but remain in state of mutual influence. Contradiction between technical and organic aspects creates an opposition, that refers to basic principles of sense and form generation in art and architecture.Both technical and organic aspects are considered to be innate to architectural morphogenesis process, however, domination of one of the aspects is denotative for creation of artistic conceptual base, innate to every architectural style, analyzed in the article. On the one hand, technical-oriented method is noticed as tendency of emphasizing constructive perfection, focused on mathematical logic. It is claimed to be connected with appearance of industrial and urban architecture, that dominate over its surrounding, with potential of considerable environmental transformations. This method was embodied in architecture of Ancient Greece, Renaissance building tradition, in some modernists movements as Italian futurism or Russian constructivism. On the other hand, organic-oriented architectural method is considered to be founded on universal principles of self-developed form, on attempts of including laws of nature in artistic practice and on expression of natural order in artificial structures. Such styles as Gothic, expressionists movement of XX century or modern structuralist architecture are considered to be based on mimetic principles. So, specific of morphogenesis dialectic, based on technical and organic aspects of architecture, is manifested in dualistic approach, that characterizes solutions of engineering, artistic and aesthetic problems, innate to various styles and movements in аrchitecture.Item Чинники формування оборонних споруд монастирів Західної України у XVII–XVIII ст.(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2016) Рибчинський, О. В.; Хохонь, М. П.; Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”Опрацьовано чинники, що впливали на розвиток та формування укріплень монастирів у XVII–XVIII ст. Монастирі та їхні захисні редути завжди відігравали роль активних домінант у просторі. Проте з плином часу сформований архітектурний образ руйнується. Фахове вивчення цієї проблематики розкриває раніше не відомі аспекти існування та окреслює перспективи функціонування монастирських комплексів. In seventeenth and eighteenth centuries monastic complexes had reliable fortifications, which were developed according to the newest requisites of the times. Most of the monasteries lost their ecclesiastical, religional, scientifical, cultural, and artistic roles during the twentieth century; this became the reason of their decline and gradual decay. Today, many monasteries gradually restore their original roles of spiritual havens. However, the fortifications which are essential parts of their architectural image are not protected and are in decay. In this article we present monasteries of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries which were founded both inside city walls and included in the city fortification systems, and outside cities and constructed on highlands or lowlands. As a result of the analysis it was possible do discern that the monasteries located on plains or lowlands had regular fortifications, while the ones on highlands had irregular fortifications. In some monastic complexes due to development of architectural and engineering thought, and also due to political and administrative factors, developed fortification systems arose. Correctly chosen location for a monastery was a helpful factor for defence. Hills, rivers, and swampy territories were natural defensive elements. In seventeenth and eighteenth centuries three categories of monastic complexes evolved: 1) monasteries on highlands, 2) monasteries on plains, 3) monasteries on lowlands. Monasteries on highlands were the most common. Such complexes are present in Pidkamin, Pochaiv, Yazlivets, Berezhany, Lviv (Discalced Carmelites, Benedictine Nuns, Missionaries, Reformats Orders), Monastyrok. Monasteries on plain territories had regular layout and were located inside city walls (in Bohorodchany, Variazh, Husiatyn, Zhovkva, Zbarazh, Leshniv, Rohatyn, Sambir (both Bernardine and Dominican). The least common were the ones located on lowlands. Among these are the abodes in Yezupil, Mariampil, Lviv (Bernardine), Terebovlia, Univ, Lavriv, Krekhiv, Maniava, the ones in Chernyliawa and Shchyplotiv do not exist today. As a rule, monasteries were located near main roads: either inside or outside city walls. Among the complexes located outside of the urban structures, and near local roads, are the ones in Dobromyl, Zavaliv, Lviv (Benedictine Nuns, Reformats), the Maniavskyi Skyt, Vitsyn, Lavriv, Krekhiv, Sokal (Bernardine). Among the monasteries located near the main road inside city walls or right next to city fortifications, are the abodes in Berezhany, Belz, Bohorodchany, Zhovkva (Dominican), Zbarazh, Leshniv, Mariampil, Rohatyn, Lviv (Bernardine). Such monasteries were included in the city fortification systems and were located next to the city gates. Monastic complexes located near main roads next to the city walls, usually played the role of outposts, so they had to be placed on hills. These are Pidkamin monastery, Pochaiv, Peremyshliany, Yazlivets, Lviv (Basilian, Carmelite), Sambir (Jesuit, Bridgettine), and Sokal (Bridgettine). During the history, the monasteries played an active and important role in the spread of the Holy Scripture, in the development of education, and in the defence of the borders of the state. In seventeenth and eighteenth centuries monasteries on plains were founded inside city walls and were included into the cities’ defensive systems. Monasteries outside city limits were constructed on hills or on lowlands. Monasteries located on plain territories or on lowlands, had regular fortification systems. The ones on hills got irregular fortifications that depended much on the present landscape. Monasteries with developed fortifications were extraordinary; they had significant political and administrative factors influence them, as well as the architectural and engineering achievements of the time.