Менеджмент та підприємництво в Україні: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку. – 2015. – №819

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/31234

Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка".

До збірника науково-прикладних праць “Менеджмент та підприємництво в України: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку” увійшли статті, які відображають проблеми менеджменту, підприємництва, інвестиційної та інноваційної діяльності, управління національною економікою України тощо. Для працівників підприємств, банків, інвестиційних та інноваційних структур, органів державного управління, викладачів вищих навчальних закладів, науковців, аспірантів та студентів економічних спеціальностей.

Вісник Національного університету «Львівська політехніка». Серія: Менеджмент та підприємництво в Україні: етапи становлення і проблеми розвитку : збірник наукових праць / Міністерство освіти і науки України, Національний університет «Львівська політехніка» ; голова Редакційно-видавничої ради Н. І. Чухрай. – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015. – № 819. – 476 с. : іл.

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Сучасний стан та перспективи розвитку українського ринку інтелектуальної власності
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Яковлєв, А. І.; Косенко, О. П.; Ткачов, М. М.
Проведено статистичний аналіз інноваційного розвитку української промисловості. Особливий акцент зроблено на динаміці показників формування та розвитку ринку об’єктів інтелектуальної власності. Досліджено динаміку зміни кількості українських підприємств у розрізі напрямів інноваційної діяльності – створення та впровадження новацій. Показано, що теперішній стан світового та національного ринку інтелектуальної власності виконує надзвичайно важливі завдання із забезпечення науково-технічною інформацією, знаннями, досвідом державних структур, наукових організацій, освітніх установ, промислових виробництв, інноваційних фірм, окремих інвесторів та розробників інтелектуальної продукції. The paper conducted a statistical analysis of the innovation development of Ukrainian industry. Particular emphasis is placed on the dynamics of the formation and development of the intellectual property. Proved that the technological development of the industry and its sectors, including engineering, depends largely on a number of important factors. These authors include: the level and characteristics of innovation, ie the status of the development of intelligent technologies (organization of these processes, innovative activity of enterprises and organizations, funding, staffing, etc.); level of innovation, that state of receptivity enterprises, institutions and organizations for innovation; the level of the current state of Ukrainian market of intelligent technologies, ie organic combination of the first two factors. Dynamics of changes in the number of Ukrainian companies in terms of innovation activity – the creation and implementation of innovations. In this study the authors made important conclusions. First, despite the reduction in the number of innovative active enterprises, their dynamics plays a certain stability, which is not progressive, because the industrialized countries are increasing their innovative activity of enterprises accelerated pace. Second, the vast majority of enterprises perform work on the creation and use of Innovation, which indicates that these companies carry out scientific and technical work for their own use and not for the development of innovative market. Proved that the market for intellectual property-specific, and that provides for a specific product (scientific, technical, industrial, managerial knowledge and experience) of specific exchange (goods are not the product itself, but only the right to use it), the specific presentation of the goods to the consumer (by based agreements on the right to use the object exchange). It is proved that the specific intellectual property market also appears that for efficient use of intellectual goods selling rights entails the delivery of certain machinery and equipment, the provision of commercially additional services (technical, commercial, financial, management, marketing, etc. .), without which this particular product is simply impossible to use effectively. It is shown that the present state of the world and national intellectual property market takes an extremely important task of providing scientific and technical information, knowledge, experience, government agencies, research organizations, educational institutions, industrial enterprises and innovative firms, individual investors and developers of intellectual property. The authors emphasized that this software can be both embodied and in intangible forms. Accordingly, the market of intellectual property in the article is defined as a set of technical and economic relations between developers and users of intellectual goods for sale and purchase (transfer and use) the results of intellectual innovation, having economic, scientific, technical, industrial or social value . Accelerated pace of scientific and technological progress in the world, implementing technologies of globalization and international cooperation conducive to the rapid growth of trade in the world market of intellectual and innovative technologies, increase its capacity and detail areas of operation.
Вища освіта України: траєкторія підвищення її якості
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Гаращук, О. В.; Куценко, В. І.
Розглянуто стан вищої освіти в Україні, її місце і роль у розвитку інноваційної економіки та суспільства, обґрунтовано необхідність підвищення якості освіти загалом і вищої зокрема. Згруповано виші за шанхайським рейтингом. Наведено шляхи підвищення якості вищої освіти в Україні, що сприятиме її наближенню до вимог зазначеного рейтингу, а саме: необхідність її модернізації, насамперед завдяки оновленню метеріально-технічної бази, нарощуванню та раціональному використанню інтелектуального потенціалу тощо. The article is devoted to the topical issues related to the need to achieve high quality education and, above all higher, which would provide training of professionals. This task is extremely important, because it is the quality of the training and motivation to the profession ultimately depend on the pace of socio-economic development in accordance with the requirements of the XXI century. Therefore, the aim of the article is to reveal the trajectory of development of Ukrainian higher education, which would provide it access to the highest world level, which was to be reflected in the respective world rankings. One of the most common educational ratings is Shanghai ranking. The article presents the group of higher education institutions in the world within the first thirty places specified rating. Also, given the characteristics of the activities of higher education institutions, which provide them with entry into this rating. First of all, these characteristics relate to the quality of training of the teaching staff and graduates. Therefore, it states that one of the basic problems that can not talk about hit the Ukrainian higher educational institutions in the rankings is the disparity of standards of international and domestic educational and occupational classifications. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the existing experience in the world of advanced higher education institutions, one of which is Stanford University; in particular, its conversion to the entrepreneurial university is noted in the article. Later in the article notes the existence of correlation between the proportion of employed among workers with higher education and productivity in the economy. Also notes the importance for achieving high quality education necessary logistical support of educational institutions, including lower educational links. In this regard, it notes is taking place in Ukraine, a tendency to reduce the network of secondary and higher educational institutions. It is noted that while it is impossible to prevent the deterioration in the availability of education. At the same time as a reduction in the negative trend observed in Ukraine, the share of the population engaged in scientific activity, which consequently results in a significant decrease also the introduction of new technological processes in the industry. This comes at a time when the world is an important characteristic of the advanced countries, which have embarked on the innovative path of development is precisely the increase in scientific inventive activity and rapid implementation of its results in practice. Nonconforming needs of innovative development and the labor market is the structure of training in Ukraine. At the same time there is a decline in the quality of training. So often there is a tendency opposite to the global trend, where the unemployment rate among professionals with higher education is lower than for other categories of employees. An important aspect in this is the consistency of the labor market and higher education, to achieve interaction of the labor market and educational services. The article presents the main directions of the implementation of this interaction. A certain improvement over the solutions to these problems are expected in connection with the implementation of the National Doctrine of Education Development, which defines the relevant key priorities, resulting in the article. Required for implementation is proposed to find the financial support, including through the introduction of a franchise that, as international experience shows, can quickly expand markets without attracting additional resources for this purpose. Significant place in the article devoted to the experience of those countries where higher education according to the Shanghai ranking is the leading places. In particular, the educational systems of the United States, Finland and Singapore. It is noted the importance of the social and state mechanisms aimed at promoting education and its quality, which should (including in the form of social partnership) and implemented in Ukraine.
Інвестиційно-інноваційне забезпечення модернізації основного капіталу
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Ткач, С. М.
На основі аналізу динаміки інвестування в Україні встановлено ключові тенденції та проблемні питання інвестиційного забезпечення модернізації основного капіталу. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз інноваційної діяльності в Україні та країнах ЄС. Визначено ключові напрями інвестування модернізації основного капіталу з врахуванням інноваційного аспекту і запропоновано заходи для збільшення обсягів інвестування за цими напрямами. The growth ensurement of an economy is not possible without proper technical and technological base. A problem of tendentious increase of depreciation of fixed assets and a low level of its renewal exists in Ukraine. Accordingly, an important issue is the research of investment-innovative approach to modernization of fixed assets. The article aims to identify the key issues of investment-innovative ensurement of modernization of fixed assets and substantiate the directions and measures of their solution. In the research used general scientific and special methods: analysis and synthesis, economic and statistical, structural and factor analysis, dialectic, formal and systemic and structural, graphics. On the basis of analysis of dynamics of development of investment activity for the last five years was identify the basic problems of the investment providing of modernization in Ukraine: deficit of volumes of investments for maintenance of the fixed assets in the proper technical and technological state; reduction of investing is from outsourcing of financing; inefficient distribution of capital investments is after kinds and directions of assets with prevailing of investing of passive part of the fixed assets; subzero innovative activity of enterprises. In Ukraine in the types of economic activity, those are basis of IV-V of the technological models, the insignificant volumes of investments were attracted relatively. Innovative activity in industry carried on in over three times in percent correlation less enterprise, than in the countries of EU. Among directions of bringing in of investments acquisition of machines, equipment and software prevails in an innovation. On the basis of the educed problems the key trends of investing of modernization of the fixed assets are certain taking into account an innovative aspect and events offer for the increase of volumes of investing after these directions. For the increase of volumes of investing it is necessary: to extend the sourcing of investments, in particular to stimulate development of the venture investing; to put right close cooperation between the state, scientific establishments and enterprises; to carry out advancement of investment potential of productive sphere. Realization of these tasks is possible by means of acceptance of such measures : to work out the government program of stimulation of innovative activity and programs of support of small innovative active enterprises, in regions to create innovative clusters on the basis of academic and educational establishments, to the enterprises effectively to use possibilities of collaboration of Ukraine from EU through participating in international under backs, competitions, projects, to develop innovative strategy put right close cooperation between the participants of market for the sake of distribution of risks and cost cutting in the process of realization innovative activity.
Інститути та інновації: проблеми та механізми взаємодії
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Тимошенков, І. В.; Нащекіна, О. М.
Охарактеризовано місце і роль інновацій у соціально-економічному розвитку України. Розглянуто інституційні основи інноваційного розвитку економіки. Проаналізовано напрями та форми взаємодії інститутів та інновацій. Визначено завдання вдосконалення інститутів в Україні як ключової умови та основи інноваційного розвитку країни. The goal of this paper is to substantiate theoretical and methodological principles and practical tasks for the improvement and advancement of the system of societal institutions in the context of ensuring the innovative development of Ukraine. Based on this goal, the following research tasks were formulated: to identify and characterize the place and role of innovations in the social and economic development of a country; to analyze directions and forms of interactions between institutions and innovations; to identify institutional foundations for innovative development of a society. Conceptual unity of the study was ensured due to using both general and specific methods of research, including statistical sampling methods, conjoint analysis, content-analysis. Under the conditions of deepening globalization and intensifying international competition, national innovation systems have transformed from a mainly internal factor of economic development to one of the most important determinants of international competitiveness of countries and a factor ensuring the strength of national security systems. It is widely accepted in modern mainstream economic science, as well as in the society as a whole, that to solve their problems related to innovative development, both developing countries and transition economies must adopt institutional models which have proved to be successful in economically developed foreign countries, and first of all in those that occupy the top positions in global rankings of the world’s most innovative countries (Switzerland, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, USA, Singapore, Denmark, Luxembourg, Hong Kong). However, as global historical experience shows, the forms of innovations, directions of innovative development and evaluations of innovation implementation results are always determined by specific historical, cultural and institutional conditions created by a specific society, which can promote or impede innovative development. That is why, when declaring the improvement of the national innovation system as a strategic direction of the development of Ukraine, one should take into account that, on the one hand, the creation and implementation of an effective national strategy of the innovative development require a profound rethinking of global historical experience through studies of meaning, place and role of innovations in the social-economic and cultural development of the society. On the other hand, it would be largely erroneous to borrow (or even worse to blindly copy) specific institutional models of a national innovation system and mechanisms of its functioning, which have proved to be progressive and effective in other countries under specific historical conditions of their development. The practical adoption in Ukraine of imported from outside institutions supporting innovative development, which are common and work well in other countries, will be appropriate and worthwhile under the following conditions: first, if the feasibility and effectiveness of their adjustment to general cultural, socio-economic and institutional conditions in Ukraine can be proved; second, if prior to their adoption, a systematic evaluation of their advantages and possible consequences under the real life conditions for their implementation and subsequent use is made.
Особливості розвитку інноваційної інфраструктури України
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Степанюк, Н. А.
Виділено основні завдання інноваційної інфраструктури, що мають виконуватися в Україні. Досліджено сучасний регіональний підхід до формування інноваційної структури в Україні. Проаналізовано іноземний досвід створення і розвитку інноваційної інфраструктури. Запропоновано створення національної інноваційної системи, яка забезпечить сприятливий інноваційний клімат для розвитку інноваційної інфраструктури. The article distinguish the main tasks of innovation infrastructure that must be carry out in Ukraine. The modern regional approach to the forming of innovation structure in Ukraine is researched. There is analyzed international experience of creation and development of innovation infrastructure in it. In the artile it is offered an establishment of a national innovation system that it will provide a favorable innovation climate for development of innovation infrastructure. Ukraine stands in the way of innovation development of economy and choice in this country. Significant natural resources in Ukraine, the use of which would give the opportunity to build on this basis its development there. It is necessary to realize their intellectual potential, which is the basis of innovation economy and increase its competitiveness. The innovation process in developed countries – is that combining science, technology, economics, business, management, covering the full range of relations of production, exchange, consumption. Behind all this is a series of interconnected organizations small and large companies, universities, laboratories, technology parks and incubators, engaged in the production and conversion of scientific knowledge and technology on a commercial basis. The main source of innovations is the scientific and technical activities, to bridge the implementation of technology in the real economy – technology transfer, and the main player in innovation – research institutions, universities that turn new knowledge into value added tax and wealth.
Проблеми інноваційного розвитку регіону
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Прохоровська, С. А.; Дяків, О. П.
Розкрито роль інновацій як чинника соціально-економічного розвитку регіону, охарактеризовано передумови активізації інноваційної діяльності на прикладі Тернопільської області; визначено основні завдання формування регіональної інноваційної системи та її складові; з’ясовано чинники інноваційної активності найманих працівників; обґрунтовано основні напрямки інноваційної діяльності в Тернопільській області і запропоновано шляхи їхньої реалізації. The role of innovations as a factor of socio-economic development of region is exposed in the article; the pre-conditions of activation of innovative activity are described on the example of the Ternopil area. It is grounded that fundamental scientific research-and-developments and inputs and use of innovative goods are the basis of innovative activity. The necessity of development of innovative politics in a region, that must be aimed at development of scientific research-and-developments, increase of production and realization of scientific products, solution of social problems of use the newest technologies, is well-proven. It is set that is creation of infrastructure of innovative activity is the major task at forming the regional innovative system in region. It is well-proven that fundamental scientific research-and-developments, creation of the system of support and advancement of innovations would be the basic ways of activation of innovative activity in a region. It is set that the effective bringing in of scientific and technical potential to the innovative projects is the important factor of the economy growing and increase of competitiveness of industries of economy. The basic tasks of forming of the regional innovative system and its constituents are certained: productive-technological, consulting, financial, skilled, informative and sale. The problems of innovative development in Ukraine and the region are investigated. Factors that influence on innovative activity of the hired workers are distinguished by priority: professional training and competence, creative capabilities, character of man, requirement in self-realization and self-perfection, requirement in material welfare, entrepreneurship. The influence of self-education, studies to the new professions and increase of level of qualification of workers on innovative development of the Ternopil area is found out. It is well-proven that creation economically of effective workplaces, that will allow to develop creative potential of the hired worker, promote the level of his qualification is the important direction of increase of innovative activity of region.
Аналіз інноваційної діяльності промислових підприємств України
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Загородній, А. Г.; Бабінська, С. Я.
Розглянуто основні напрями інноваційної діяльності та характерні для інновацій ознаки. Проаналізовано інноваційну активність промислових підприємств як загалом в Україні, так і у Львівській області. Наведено динаміку інноваційної діяльності машинобудівної промисловості України, а також дані щодо кількості підприємств та обсягів реалізованої інноваційної продукції за межі України. Проаналізовано джерела фінансування інноваційної діяльності. Визначено основні чинники, які сприятимуть розвитку інноваційної діяльності українських підприємств. Functioning of a business is not possible without conducting innovative activities, which should be aimed at producing the new enterprise competitive basis or updating the existing one. Innovative activities of the company lie in improving the company’s operation as a whole or its particular units in order to gain competitive and economic advantages. The article considers the basic directions of innovative activities and characteristic features of innovations. The innovative activities of industrial enterprises in Ukraine and in Lviv region have been analyzed. As a result, it has been found that the number of industrial enterprises implementing innovations in Ukraine is growing, with the exception of 2008 and 2013. In Lviv region the growth is also observed, except the years 2008, 2010 and 2011. Most of the reductions is due to insufficient funding and level of academic training, imperfection of logistics and others. The article also presents dynamics of enterprises in Ukraine and Lviv region that implemented innovations in 2005 - 2013. The dynamics of innovative activities of machine building industry in Ukraine is shown, the industry taking a significant share of the Ukrainian economy. Statistics show that not many of the innovatively active enterprises of Ukraine sell their innovative products outside Ukraine. This is because the innovations sphere of Ukraine is not attractive to foreign investors as the government directs insufficient funds to developing innovative activities and so on. However, the average volume of the innovative products sold by one enterprise was increasing during the analyzed period, with the exception of 2009. The dynamics of the number of enterprises that sold innovative products outside Ukraine during the analyzed period is presented. The sources of financing innovative activities have been analysed. This analysis shows that the main sources of financing innovative activities are own funds of enterprises and investment funds. A small contribution is made by the state budget. Provided an effective public policy, Ukraine has considerable potential for the development of innovative activities. The main factors that will promote innovative activities of Ukrainian enterprises have been considered. Implementation of these factors will increase the innovative activities of Ukrainian industrial enterprises.
Стан інноваційної діяльності та ключові проблеми реалізаціх інноваційного потенціалу у промисловості України
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Бойчук, А. Б.
Проаналізовано сучасний стан інноваційної діяльності у національній промисловості та інноваційну активність українських промислових підприємств. Визначено та систематизовано основні проблеми розвитку інноваційної діяльності на макро- та мезорівнях. Встановлено недоліки інноваційної політики держави та управління інноваційною діяльністю на українських промислових підприємствах. Доведено необхідність інноваційного шляху розвитку для промисловості України. The essence of the concepts of “innovation capacity” and “innovation active enterprises” has been defined. They have analyzed the current state of innovation in local industry and innovation activity Ukrainian enterprises. In addition, there have been given the reasonable assessment of innovation in the industry of Ukraine during long period of time. As a result, they have found that since that time that our country gained independence the development of innovation in the industry of Ukraine is made completely chaotic, mostly only in individual enterprises that are trying to meet the demands of the market to ensure the competitiveness of its products. Thus national innovation industry is in a state of stagnation, moreover, shows a strong tendency towards further decline. They have defined and systematized the key problems of the innovation potential of national industries, which primarily include: declarative government policy to support the development of innovative production; fall in the overall level of investment, which led to the loss of demand for scientific production; reorientation of national economic enterprises of the real economy sector in rapid return on invested capital; the high cost of credit resources of banks etc. They have colligated shortcomings of innovation policy and innovation management at the industrial enterprises of Ukraine. In consequence of conducted research it can be stated that there is not defined strategic goals and objectives of innovation development, there also isn't introduced a long-term and medium-term forecasting and planning of socio-economic development in Ukraine. Reforms of the national economy and programs which were offered by presidents and governments of Ukraine during recent years, only formally declared state innovation focus and in no way influenced the growth in demand and production needs of the Lviv Polytechnic economy to scientific and technical development. Priority directions of science and technology and innovation activities approved by Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine lost its meaning in Ukraine. They have ceased to hold contests to perform appropriate state scientific and technical programs and develop new ones. Competitive financing system as the main mechanism for funding science and innovation is lost. Legislation in science and technology that was turned out in the first decade of independent Ukraine in general has created favorable conditions for the development of Ukrainian science and economy of the state, but by amending and suspending the existing rules of law it lost stimulating factors of science, especially in the implementation of applied research, their implementation and the creation of intellectual property market, which led to a significant decrease in innovation activity of industrial enterprises. The necessity for innovative development industry in Ukraine, as the only way to emerge from the financial and socio-political crisis is proved. Thus, it was found that one of the key strategic objectives that have to be set by our state in modern conditions is to find opportunities and to take effective measures aimed at enhancing the development of research and innovation potential to accelerate the technological development of national industry, improve its competitiveness and innovation.
Формування туристично-інноваційних кластерів у регіоні
(Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015) Музиченко-Козловська, О. В.
З’ясовано сутність поняття “туристичний інноваційний кластер (ТІК)”, визначено переваги і недоліки діяльності ТІК, встановлено джерела фінансування ТІК, наведено мету та завдання формування ТІК у регіоні, виділено напрями інноваційної діяльності у туризмі. З’ясовано: соціально-економічні передумови необхідності та доцільності формування національної мережі ТІК, доцільність наукових та екологічних досліджень у структурі ТІК, соціально-економічну ефективність діяльності ТІК, заходи з планування та прогнозування діяльності ТІК. Доведено важливість екологічних досліджень у структурі ТІК, наведено структуру та етапи формування ТІК. The essence of the concept "tourist innovation cluster" is clarified and its definition is proposed. The background and reasons for introducing innovations in the tourism sector are presented. The conditions of efficient cluster functioning in tourism are stated. Preconditions and possibilities of creating the tourist innovation cluster in the regions of Ukraine are determined. A list of possible advantages and disadvantages of the tourist innovation cluster in a region is provided. Possible sources of funding and the form of the tourist innovation cluster ownership are grounded. The goal and objectives of forming the tourist innovation cluster in the region are defined. Directions of innovation activities in tourism are presented. There are found out socioeconomic preconditions of necessity and expediency of forming a national network of the tourist innovation clusters. There is determined feasibility of scientific and environmental studies in the structure of tourist innovation clusters. The sequence of introducing market mechanisms in the tourist innovation clusters is offered. The socio-economic efficiency of the tourist innovation cluster activities is justified. Measures for planning and forecasting the tourist innovation cluster activities are proposed. The significance of environmental research in the structure of tourist innovation cluster is proved. The list of indicators by which to assess the effectiveness of tourist innovation cluster is determined. There are listed effects of the tourist innovation cluster in the region on various spheres of activities. There is proposed a mechanism and a list of stages for establishing and operating the tourist innovation clusters (TIC), namely: creating an TIC central governing body for management and coordination of its divisions activities with other parties for implementing programs and measures; forming TIC divisions, choosing a large tourist company or a group of similar organizations in the region where tourist resources are available; selecting companies and organizations in the tourism sector of the economy for full provision of the tourist cluster with resources, information, special skills, innovative technologies, investment funds or infrastructure etc., that will ensure fulfillment of the functional tasks of providing complex tourist services; creating conditions for the organization and implementation of research, development and introduction of new technologies and other innovations in order to continuously improve the efficiency of TIC; working out the system of selection, training and retraining of personnel; planning resource provision for TIC development in response to the growing demand for health recovery and recreation services; identifying forms of cooperation with the local authorities to achieve not only TIC higher competitiveness to improve profitability but also fulfillment of social tasks, modernization of cities, compliance with environmental balance; defining TIC territorial and production structure. The structure, components and the design of the innovative tourist cluster formation in the region are provided.